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End-to-end (E2E) models in autonomous driving aim to directly map sensor inputs to control commands, but their ability to generalize to novel and complex scenarios remains a key challenge. The common practice of fully fine-tuning the vision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Zeyu Dong , Yimin Zhu , Yu Wu , Yu Sun

End-to-end (E2E) testing is essential for ensuring web application quality. However, manual test creation is time-consuming, and current test generation techniques produce incoherent tests. In this paper, we present AutoE2E, a novel…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Parsa Alian , Noor Nashid , Mobina Shahbandeh , Taha Shabani , Ali Mesbah

Autonomous Driving (AD) systems have made notable progress, but their performance in long-tail, safety-critical scenarios remains limited. These rare cases contribute a disproportionate number of accidents. Vision-Language Action (VLA)…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Shiyu Fang , Yiming Cui , Haoyang Liang , Chen Lv , Peng Hang , Jian Sun

The autonomous driving community has witnessed a rapid growth in approaches that embrace an end-to-end algorithm framework, utilizing raw sensor input to generate vehicle motion plans, instead of concentrating on individual tasks such as…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Li Chen , Penghao Wu , Kashyap Chitta , Bernhard Jaeger , Andreas Geiger , Hongyang Li

In this paper we present the architecture of the Kyber-E2E submission to the map track of CARLA Leaderboard 2.0 Autonomous Driving (AD) challenge 2023, which achieved first place. We employed a modular architecture for our solution consists…

Due to the powerful vision-language reasoning and generalization abilities, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have garnered significant attention in the field of end-to-end (E2E) autonomous driving. However, their application to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Xueyi Liu , Zuodong Zhong , Yuxin Guo , Yun-Fu Liu , Zhiguo Su , Qichao Zhang , Junli Wang , Yinfeng Gao , Yupeng Zheng , Qiao Lin , Huiyong Chen , Dongbin Zhao

The rapid advancement in large language models (LLMs) has demonstrated significant potential in End-to-End Software Development (E2ESD). However, existing E2ESD benchmarks are limited by coarse-grained requirement specifications and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Jingyao Liu , Chen Huang , Zhizhao Guan , Wenqiang Lei , Yang Deng

Open-loop evaluation offers fast, reproducible assessment of autonomous driving planners, but its ability to predict real closed-loop driving performance remains questionable. Prior work has shown that traditional open-loop metrics such as…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Yiru Wang , Anqing Jiang , Shuo Wang , Yuwen Heng , Hai Yang , Yang Chen , Hao Sun

Autonomous driving systems (ADS) are increasingly deployed in real traffic, yet testing remains fundamentally challenging due to open environments, complex scenarios, and the lack of established processes and metrics. Despite extensive…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Qunying Song , Ali Nouri , Håkan Sivencrona , Federica Sarro

This paper presents a LiDAR-based end-to-end autonomous driving method with Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication integration, termed V2X-Lead, to address the challenges of navigating unregulated urban scenarios under mixed-autonomy…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Zhiyun Deng , Yanjun Shi , Weiming Shen

Autonomous vehicle (AV) stacks have traditionally relied on decomposed approaches, with separate modules handling perception, prediction, and planning. However, this design introduces information loss during inter-module communication,…

Autonomous parking is a crucial task in the intelligent driving field. Traditional parking algorithms are usually implemented using rule-based schemes. However, these methods are less effective in complex parking scenarios due to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Changze Li , Ziheng Ji , Zhe Chen , Tong Qin , Ming Yang

End-to-end approaches to autonomous driving commonly rely on expert demonstrations. Although humans are good drivers, they are not good coaches for end-to-end algorithms that demand dense on-policy supervision. On the contrary, automated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-06 Zhejun Zhang , Alexander Liniger , Dengxin Dai , Fisher Yu , Luc Van Gool

Modular end-to-end (ME2E) autonomous driving paradigms combine modular interpretability with global optimization capability and have demonstrated strong performance. However, existing studies mainly focus on accuracy improvement, while…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Chengzhi Ji , Xingfeng Li , Zhaodong Lv , Hao Sun , Pan Liu , Hao Frank Yang , Ziyuan Pu

End-to-end differentiable learning for autonomous driving (AD) has recently become a prominent paradigm. One main bottleneck lies in its voracious appetite for high-quality labeled data e.g. 3D bounding boxes and semantic segmentation,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Han Lu , Xiaosong Jia , Yichen Xie , Wenlong Liao , Xiaokang Yang , Junchi Yan

End-to-end autonomous driving (AD) systems increasingly adopt vision-language-action (VLA) models, yet they typically ignore the passenger's emotional state, which is central to comfort and AD acceptance. We introduce Open-Domain End-to-End…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yihong Tang , Haicheng Liao , Tong Nie , Junlin He , Ao Qu , Kehua Chen , Wei Ma , Zhenning Li , Lijun Sun , Chengzhong Xu

Vehicle-to-everything-aided autonomous driving (V2X-AD) has a huge potential to provide a safer driving solution. Despite extensive researches in transportation and communication to support V2X-AD, the actual utilization of these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Genjia Liu , Yue Hu , Chenxin Xu , Weibo Mao , Junhao Ge , Zhengxiang Huang , Yifan Lu , Yinda Xu , Junkai Xia , Yafei Wang , Siheng Chen

Learning contextual and spatial environmental representations enhances autonomous vehicle's hazard anticipation and decision-making in complex scenarios. Recent perception systems enhance spatial understanding with sensor fusion but often…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Shoaib Azam , Farzeen Munir , Ville Kyrki , Moongu Jeon , Witold Pedrycz

Exploring open-world situations in an end-to-end manner is a promising yet challenging task due to the need for strong generalization capabilities. In particular, end-to-end autonomous driving in unstructured outdoor environments often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hyunki Seong , Seongwoo Moon , Hojin Ahn , Jehun Kang , David Hyunchul Shim

Learning a human-like driving policy from large-scale driving demonstrations is promising, but the uncertainty and non-deterministic nature of planning make it challenging. Existing learning-based planning methods follow a deterministic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Bo Jiang , Shaoyu Chen , Hao Gao , Bencheng Liao , Qian Zhang , Wenyu Liu , Xinggang Wang
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