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Despite tremendous success of deep neural network in machine learning, the underlying reason for its superior learning capability remains unclear. Here, we present a framework based on statistical physics to study dynamics of stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Yu Feng , Yuhai Tu

We analyze the convergence rate of the random reshuffling (RR) method, which is a randomized first-order incremental algorithm for minimizing a finite sum of convex component functions. RR proceeds in cycles, picking a uniformly random…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-02-09 Mert Gürbüzbalaban , Asuman Ozdaglar , Pablo Parrilo

Recent work has argued that stochastic gradient descent can approximate the Bayesian uncertainty in model parameters near local minima. In this work we develop a similar correspondence for minibatch natural gradient descent (NGD). We prove…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-29 Samuel L. Smith , Daniel Duckworth , Semon Rezchikov , Quoc V. Le , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein

This work characterizes the benefits of averaging schemes widely used in conjunction with stochastic gradient descent (SGD). In particular, this work provides a sharp analysis of: (1) mini-batching, a method of averaging many samples of a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-08-01 Prateek Jain , Sham M. Kakade , Rahul Kidambi , Praneeth Netrapalli , Aaron Sidford

We propose a mini-batching scheme for improving the theoretical complexity and practical performance of semi-stochastic gradient descent applied to the problem of minimizing a strongly convex composite function represented as the sum of an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-10-20 Jakub Konečný , Jie Liu , Peter Richtárik , Martin Takáč

Training a neural network with the gradient descent algorithm gives rise to a discrete-time nonlinear dynamical system. Consequently, behaviors that are typically observed in these systems emerge during training, such as convergence to an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-10 Kamil Nar , S. Shankar Sastry

Data imbalance is a common problem in machine learning that can have a critical effect on the performance of a model. Various solutions exist but their impact on the convergence of the learning dynamics is not understood. Here, we elucidate…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-20 Emanuele Francazi , Marco Baity-Jesi , Aurelien Lucchi

A fundamental problem in machine learning is understanding the effect of early stopping on the parameters obtained and the generalization capabilities of the model. Even for linear models, the effect is not fully understood for arbitrary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Rishi Sonthalia , Jackie Lok , Elizaveta Rebrova

For infinitesimal learning rates, stochastic gradient descent (SGD) follows the path of gradient flow on the full batch loss function. However moderately large learning rates can achieve higher test accuracies, and this generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-29 Samuel L. Smith , Benoit Dherin , David G. T. Barrett , Soham De

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is central to simulation optimization, stochastic programming, and online M-estimation, where sampling effort is a decision variable. We study the mini-batch gradient noise as a sampling-design object.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-16 Daniel Zantedeschi , Kumar Muthuraman

Recent stochastic gradient methods that have appeared in the literature base their efficiency and global convergence properties on a suitable control of the variance of the gradient batch estimate. This control is typically achieved by…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-11 Marco Boresta , Alberto De Santis , Stefano Lucidi

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to automatically determine the batch size in stochastic gradient descent methods. The choice of the batch size induces a trade-off between the accuracy of the gradient estimate and the cost in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-12-12 Matteo Pirotta , Marcello Restelli

We study the effect of mini-batching on the loss landscape of deep neural networks using spiked, field-dependent random matrix theory. We demonstrate that the magnitude of the extremal values of the batch Hessian are larger than those of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-08 Diego Granziol , Stefan Zohren , Stephen Roberts

Classical optimisation theory guarantees monotonic objective decrease for gradient descent (GD) when employed in a small step size, or ``stable", regime. In contrast, gradient descent on neural networks is frequently performed in a large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Lachlan Ewen MacDonald , Hancheng Min , Leandro Palma , Salma Tarmoun , Ziqing Xu , René Vidal

Bayesian inference allows to obtain useful information on the parameters of models, either in computational statistics or more recently in the context of Bayesian Neural Networks. The computational cost of usual Monte Carlo methods for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-03-03 Inass Sekkat , Gabriel Stoltz

We uncover how SGD interacts with batch normalization and can exhibit undesirable training dynamics such as divergence. More precisely, we study how Single Shuffle (SS) and Random Reshuffle (RR) -- two widely used variants of SGD --…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-15 David X. Wu , Chulhee Yun , Suvrit Sra

This paper presents a methodology for selecting the mini-batch size that minimizes Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) learning time for single and multiple learner problems. By decoupling algorithmic analysis issues from hardware and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-18 Michael P. Perrone , Haidar Khan , Changhoan Kim , Anastasios Kyrillidis , Jerry Quinn , Valentina Salapura

In the past few years, Softmax has become a common component in neural network frameworks. In this paper, a gradient decay hyperparameter is introduced in Softmax to control the probability-dependent gradient decay rate during training. By…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-10 Siyuan Zhang , Linbo Xie , Ying Chen

Despite its empirical success and recent theoretical progress, there generally lacks a quantitative analysis of the effect of batch normalization (BN) on the convergence and stability of gradient descent. In this paper, we provide such an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-10 Yongqiang Cai , Qianxiao Li , Zuowei Shen

The dynamical stability of the iterates during training plays a key role in determining the minima obtained by optimization algorithms. For example, stable solutions of gradient descent (GD) correspond to flat minima, which have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Rotem Mulayoff , Sebastian U. Stich