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With the development of biomedical science, researchers have increasing access to an abundance of studies focusing on similar research questions. There is a growing interest in the integration of summary information from those studies to…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-13 Jianxuan Zang , K. C. G. Chan , Fei Gao

Individualized treatment decisions can improve health outcomes, but using data to make these decisions in a reliable, precise, and generalizable way is challenging with a single dataset. Leveraging multiple randomized controlled trials…

In oncology the efficacy of novel therapeutics often differs across patient subgroups, and these variations are difficult to predict during the initial phases of the drug development process. The relation between the power of randomized…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-05 Boyu Ren , Federico Ferrari , Sandra Fortini , Steffen Ventz , Lorenzo Trippa

When estimating treatment effects, the golden standard is to conduct a randomized experiment and then contrast outcomes associated with the treatment group and the control group. However, in many cases, randomized experiments are either…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-08 Kevin Han

Causal inference is made challenging by confounding, selection bias, and other complications. A common approach to addressing these difficulties is the inclusion of auxiliary data on the superpopulation of interest. Such data may measure a…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-16 Jaron J. R. Lee , AmirEmad Ghassami , Ilya Shpitser

Unmeasured confounding presents a common challenge in observational studies, potentially making standard causal parameters unidentifiable without additional assumptions. Given the increasing availability of diverse data sources, exploiting…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-18 Shanshan Luo , Yechi Zhang , Wei Li

Experiments deliver credible treatment-effect estimates but, because they are costly, are often restricted to specific sites, small populations, or particular mechanisms. A common practice across several fields is therefore to combine…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-30 Aristotelis Epanomeritakis , Davide Viviano

The task of inferring high-level causal variables from low-level observations, commonly referred to as causal representation learning, is fundamentally underconstrained. As such, recent works to address this problem focus on various…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-26 Simon Bing , Urmi Ninad , Jonas Wahl , Jakob Runge

Understanding the factors that trigger or prevent undesirable health outcomes across patient subpopulations is essential for designing targeted interventions. While randomized controlled trials and expert-led patient interviews are standard…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Shishir Adhikari , Guido Muscioni , Mark Shapiro , Plamen Petrov , Elena Zheleva

We take steps towards causally interpretable meta-analysis by describing methods for transporting causal inferences from a collection of randomized trials to a new target population, one-trial-at-a-time and pooling all trials. We discuss…

Scientific datasets play a crucial role in contemporary data-driven research, as they allow for the progress of science by facilitating the discovery of new patterns and phenomena. This mounting demand for empirical research raises…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Yulin Yu , Daniel M. Romero

In modern data analysis, information is frequently collected from multiple sources, often leading to challenges such as data heterogeneity and imbalanced sample sizes across datasets. Robust and efficient data integration methods are…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-06 Facheng Yu , Zhen Qi , Yuqian Zhang

The ICH E9(R1) Addendum (International Council for Harmonization 2019) suggests treatment-policy as one of several strategies for addressing intercurrent events such as treatment withdrawal when defining an estimand. This strategy requires…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-28 Suzie Cro , James H Roger , James R Carpenter

A randomized trial and an analysis of observational data designed to emulate the trial sample observations separately, but have the same eligibility criteria, collect information on some shared baseline covariates, and compare the effects…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-29 Issa J. Dahabreh , Jon A. Steingrimsson , James M. Robins , Miguel A. Hernán

With increasing data availability, causal effects can be evaluated across different data sets, both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies. RCTs isolate the effect of the treatment from that of unwanted (confounding)…

Meta-analysis is commonly used to combine results from multiple clinical trials, but traditional meta-analysis methods do not refer explicitly to a population of individuals to whom the results apply and it is not clear how to use their…

Information integration plays a pivotal role in biomedical studies by facilitating the combination and analysis of independent datasets from multiple studies, thereby uncovering valuable insights that might otherwise remain obscured due to…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-02 Chixiang Chen , Jia Liang , Elynn Chen , Ming Wang

Often both Aggregate Data (AD) studies and Individual Patient Data (IPD) studies are available for specific treatments. Combining these two sources of data could improve the overall meta-analytic estimates of treatment effects. Moreover,…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-15 Neha Agarwala , Junyong Park , Anindya Roy

Randomized trials are widely considered as the gold standard for evaluating the effects of decision policies. Trial data is, however, drawn from a population which may differ from the intended target population and this raises a problem of…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-30 Sofia Ek , Dave Zachariah

Identification of treatment effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding is a persistent problem in the social, biological, and medical sciences. The problem of unmeasured confounding in settings with multiple treatments is most common…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-07-12 Wang Miao , Wenjie Hu , Elizabeth L. Ogburn , Xiaohua Zhou