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Reinforcement learning typically assumes that the state update from the previous actions happens instantaneously, and thus can be used for making future decisions. However, this may not always be true. When the state update is not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Mridul Agarwal , Vaneet Aggarwal

Discrete-continuous hybrid action space is a natural setting in many practical problems, such as robot control and game AI. However, most previous Reinforcement Learning (RL) works only demonstrate the success in controlling with either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Boyan Li , Hongyao Tang , Yan Zheng , Jianye Hao , Pengyi Li , Zhen Wang , Zhaopeng Meng , Li Wang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a critical technique for advancing modern Large Language Models (LLMs), yet existing synchronous RL systems face severe performance bottlenecks. The rollout phase, which dominates end-to-end…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Ruoyu Qin , Weiran He , Weixiao Huang , Yangkun Zhang , Yikai Zhao , Bo Pang , Xinran Xu , Yingdi Shan , Yongwei Wu , Mingxing Zhang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) for training Large Language Models is notoriously unstable. While recent studies attribute this to "training inference mismatch stemming" from inconsistent hybrid engines, standard remedies, such as Importance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yaxiang Zhang , Yingru Li , Jiacai Liu , Jiawei Xu , Ziniu Li , Qian Liu , Haoyuan Li

Reinforcement Learning (RL) struggles in problems with delayed rewards, and one approach is to segment the task into sub-tasks with incremental rewards. We propose a framework called Hierarchical Inverse Reinforcement Learning (HIRL), which…

Robotics · Computer Science 2016-04-25 Sanjay Krishnan , Animesh Garg , Richard Liaw , Lauren Miller , Florian T. Pokorny , Ken Goldberg

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a potent paradigm for autonomous decision-making in complex environments. However, the integration of event-driven decision processes within RL remains a challenge. This paper presents a novel…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-22 Md Nur-A-Adam Dony

When the agent's observations or interactions are delayed, classic reinforcement learning tools usually fail. In this paper, we propose a simple yet new and efficient solution to this problem. We assume that, in the undelayed environment,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Pierre Liotet , Davide Maran , Lorenzo Bisi , Marcello Restelli

Action and observation delays commonly occur in many Reinforcement Learning applications, such as remote control scenarios. We study the anatomy of randomly delayed environments, and show that partially resampling trajectory fragments in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-06 Simon Ramstedt , Yann Bouteiller , Giovanni Beltrame , Christopher Pal , Jonathan Binas

Trajectory planning for teleoperated space manipulators involves challenges such as accurately modeling system dynamics, particularly in free-floating modes with non-holonomic constraints, and managing time delays that increase model…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Bo Xia , Xianru Tian , Bo Yuan , Zhiheng Li , Bin Liang , Xueqian Wang

Autonomous vehicles inevitably encounter a vast array of scenarios in real-world environments. Addressing long-tail scenarios, particularly those involving intensive interactions with numerous traffic participants, remains one of the most…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Guanzhou Li , Jianping Wu , Yujing He

This paper introduces an algorithm for discovering implicit and delayed causal relations between events observed by a robot at arbitrary times, with the objective of improving data-efficiency and interpretability of model-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-05 Junchi Liang , Abdeslam Boularias

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has become a powerful tool for complex decision-making in machine learning and AI. However, traditional methods often assume perfect action execution, overlooking the uncertainties and deviations between an…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Oren Fivel , Matan Rudman , Kobi Cohen

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has achieved remarkable success in sequential decision-making tasks across diverse domains, yet its reliance on black-box neural architectures hinders interpretability, trust, and deployment in high-stakes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Zelei Cheng , Jiahao Yu , Xinyu Xing

Reinforcement learning (RL) is challenging in the common case of delays between events and their sensory perceptions. State-of-the-art (SOTA) state augmentation techniques either suffer from state space explosion or performance degeneration…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Qingyuan Wu , Simon Sinong Zhan , Yixuan Wang , Yuhui Wang , Chung-Wei Lin , Chen Lv , Qi Zhu , Jürgen Schmidhuber , Chao Huang

Designing dense rewards is crucial for reinforcement learning (RL), yet in robotics it often demands extensive manual effort and lacks scalability. One promising solution is to view task progress as a dense reward signal, as it quantifies…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yuyang Liu , Chuan Wen , Yihang Hu , Dinesh Jayaraman , Yang Gao

When Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents are deployed in practice, they might impact their environment and change its dynamics. We propose a new framework to model this phenomenon, where the current environment depends on the deployed policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Ben Rank , Stelios Triantafyllou , Debmalya Mandal , Goran Radanovic

The integration of deep learning to reinforcement learning (RL) has enabled RL to perform efficiently in high-dimensional environments. Deep RL methods have been applied to solve many complex real-world problems in recent years. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Ngoc Duy Nguyen , Thanh Thi Nguyen , Hai Nguyen , Doug Creighton , Saeid Nahavandi

While Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents can successfully learn to handle complex tasks, effectively generalizing acquired skills to unfamiliar settings remains a challenge. One of the reasons behind this is the visual encoders used are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Yuhan Zhang , Guoqing Ma , Guangfu Hao , Liangxuan Guo , Yang Chen , Shan Yu

Reinforcement Learning (RL) or Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is a powerful approach to solving Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) when the model of the environment is not known a priori. However, RL models are still faced with challenges…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-04 Kabirat Olayemi , Mien Van , Luke Maguire , Sean McLoone

Reinforcement Learning (RL), bolstered by the expressive capabilities of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) for function approximation, has demonstrated considerable success in numerous applications. However, its practicality in addressing various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Aditya Mohan , Amy Zhang , Marius Lindauer