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Learning-based robotic systems demand rigorous validation to assure reliable performance, but extensive real-world testing is often prohibitively expensive, and if conducted may still yield insufficient data for high-confidence guarantees.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Rachel Luo , Heng Yang , Michael Watson , Apoorva Sharma , Sushant Veer , Edward Schmerling , Marco Pavone

Achieving fully autonomous driving systems requires learning rational decisions in a wide span of scenarios, including safety-critical and out-of-distribution ones. However, such cases are underrepresented in real-world corpus collected by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Haochen Tian , Tianyu Li , Haochen Liu , Jiazhi Yang , Yihang Qiu , Guang Li , Junli Wang , Yinfeng Gao , Zhang Zhang , Liang Wang , Hangjun Ye , Tieniu Tan , Long Chen , Hongyang Li

Developing autonomous driving systems (ADSs) involves generating and storing extensive log data from test drives, which is essential for verification, research, and simulation. However, these high-frequency logs, recorded over varying…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Simin Sun , Yuchuan Jin , Miroslaw Staron

In-field test of processor-based devices is a must when considering safety-critical systems (e.g., in robotics, aerospace, and automotive applications). During in-field testing, different solutions can be adopted, depending on the specific…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-09-09 Juan-David Guerrero-Balaguera , Josie E. Rodriguez Condia , Matteo Sonza Reorda

The safety of Automated Vehicles (AVs) must be assured before their release and deployment. The current approach to evaluation relies primarily on (i) testing AVs on public roads or (ii) track testing with scenarios defined in a test…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-02-21 Ding Zhao , Xianan Huang , Huei Peng , Henry Lam , David J. LeBlanc

The current approach to connected and autonomous driving function development and evaluation uses model-in-the-loop simulation, hardware-in-the-loop simulation, and limited proving ground work followed by public road deployment of beta…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Xincheng Cao , Haochong Chen , Sukru Yaren Gelbal , Bilin Aksun-Guvenc , Levent Guvenc

Verification and validation of autonomous driving (AD) systems and components is of increasing importance, as such technology increases in real-world prevalence. Safety-critical scenario generation is a key approach to robustify AD policies…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Benjamin Stoler , Ingrid Navarro , Jonathan Francis , Jean Oh

In vehicle dynamics control, many variables of interest cannot be directly measured, as sensors might be costly, fragile, or even not available. Therefore, real-time estimation techniques need to be used. The previous approach suffers from…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-10 Giorgio Riva , Simone Formentin , Matteo Corno , Sergio M. Savaresi

System integration testing is the process of testing a system by the stepwise integration of sub-components. Usually these sub-components are already verified to guarantee their correct functional behavior. By integration of these verified…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-04-29 Susanne Kandl , Martin Elshuber

To ensure user acceptance of autonomous vehicles (AVs), control systems are being developed to mimic human drivers from demonstrations of desired driving behaviors. Imitation learning (IL) algorithms serve this purpose, but struggle to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-06-27 Flavia Sofia Acerbo , Jan Swevers , Tinne Tuytelaars , Tong Duy Son

Intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) and other smart-city technologies are increasingly advancing in capability and complexity. While simulation environments continue to improve, their fidelity and ease of use can quickly degrade as…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-07-31 Adam Morrissett , Roja Eini , Mostafa Zaman , Nasibeh Zohrabi , Sherif Abdelwahed

Simulation offers advantages throughout the development process of automated driving functions, both in research and product development. Common open-source simulators like CARLA are extensively used in training, evaluation, and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Nils Gehrke , David Brecht , Dominik Kulmer , Dheer Patel , Frank Diermeyer

Extracting interesting scenarios from real-world data as well as generating failure cases is important for the development and testing of autonomous systems. We propose efficient mechanisms to both characterize and generate testing…

Machine learning (ML)-based planners have recently gained significant attention. They offer advantages over traditional optimization-based planning algorithms. These advantages include fewer manually selected parameters and faster…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Hui Zhou , Shaoshuai Shi , Hongsheng Li

The rapidly evolving field of autonomous driving systems (ADSs) is full of promise. However, in order to fulfil these promises, ADSs need to be safe in all circumstances. This paper introduces ISS-Scenario, an autonomous driving testing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Renjue Li , Tianhang Qin , Cas Widdershoven

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), comprising both software and physical components, arise in many industry-relevant domains and are often mission- or safety-critical. System-Level Verification (SLV) of CPSs aims at certifying that given (e.g.,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Toni Mancini , Igor Melatti , Enrico Tronci

Self-driving vehicles (SDVs) must be rigorously tested on a wide range of scenarios to ensure safe deployment. The industry typically relies on closed-loop simulation to evaluate how the SDV interacts on a corpus of synthetic and real…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Jay Sarva , Jingkang Wang , James Tu , Yuwen Xiong , Sivabalan Manivasagam , Raquel Urtasun

Simulation plays a crucial role in the rapid development and safe deployment of autonomous vehicles. Realistic traffic agent models are indispensable for bridging the gap between simulation and the real world. Many existing approaches for…

Realistic traffic simulation is crucial for developing self-driving software in a safe and scalable manner prior to real-world deployment. Typically, imitation learning (IL) is used to learn human-like traffic agents directly from…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Chris Zhang , James Tu , Lunjun Zhang , Kelvin Wong , Simon Suo , Raquel Urtasun

Automated vehicles (AVs) are expected to increase traffic safety and traffic efficiency, among others by enabling flexible mobility-on-demand systems. This is particularly important in Singapore, being one of the world's most densely…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-12-20 J. Ploeg , E. de Gelder , M. Slavík , E. Querner , T. Webster , N. de Boer