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The rapid advancement of deep neural networks (DNNs) heavily relies on large-scale, high-quality datasets. However, unauthorized commercial use of these datasets severely violates the intellectual property rights of dataset owners. Existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Yingjia Wang , Ting Qiao , Xing Liu , Chongzuo Li , Sixing Wu , Jianbin Li

Machine learning involves expensive data collection and training procedures. Model owners may be concerned that valuable intellectual property can be leaked if adversaries mount model extraction attacks. As it is difficult to defend against…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-22 Hengrui Jia , Christopher A. Choquette-Choo , Varun Chandrasekaran , Nicolas Papernot

In the era of large foundation models, data has become a crucial component in building high-performance AI systems. As the demand for high-quality and large-scale data continues to rise, data copyright protection is attracting increasing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Sixiao Zhang , Cheng Long , Wei Yuan , Hongxu Chen , Hongzhi Yin

Recent progress in large language models enables the creation of realistic machine-generated content. Watermarking is a promising approach to distinguish machine-generated text from human text, embedding statistical signals in the output…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Patrick Chao , Yan Sun , Edgar Dobriban , Hamed Hassani

Embeddings as a Service (EaaS) is emerging as a crucial role in AI applications. Unfortunately, EaaS is vulnerable to model extraction attacks, highlighting the urgent need for copyright protection. Although some preliminary works propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Zongqi Wang , Baoyuan Wu , Jingyuan Deng , Yujiu Yang

Recent advances in large language models have raised wide concern in generating abundant plausible source code without scrutiny, and thus tracing the provenance of code emerges as a critical issue. To solve the issue, we propose CodeMark, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Wei Li , Borui Yang , Yujie Sun , Suyu Chen , Ziyun Song , Liyao Xiang , Xinbing Wang , Chenghu Zhou

Safeguarding the intellectual property of machine learning models has emerged as a pressing concern in AI security. Model watermarking is a powerful technique for protecting ownership of machine learning models, yet its reliability has been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Aoting Hu , Yanzhi Chen , Renjie Xie , Adrian Weller

Watermarking has emerged as a crucial method to distinguish AI-generated text from human-created text. Current watermarking approaches often lack formal optimality guarantees or address the scheme and detector design separately. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Haiyun He , Yepeng Liu , Ziqiao Wang , Yongyi Mao , Yuheng Bu

Information retrieval (IR) in dynamic data streams is a crucial task, as shifts in data distribution degrade the performance of AI-powered IR systems. To mitigate this issue, memory-based continual learning has been widely adopted for IR.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-13 HuiJeong Son , Hyeongu Kang , Sunho Kim , Subeen Ho , SeongKu Kang , Dongha Lee , Susik Yoon

The rise of generative neural networks has triggered an increased demand for intellectual property (IP) protection in generated content. Deep watermarking techniques, recognized for their flexibility in IP protection, have garnered…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Biqing Qi , Junqi Gao , Yiang Luo , Jianxing Liu , Ligang Wu , Bowen Zhou

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly fine-tuned on smaller, domain-specific datasets to improve downstream performance. These datasets often contain proprietary or copyrighted material, raising the need for reliable safeguards…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Jingqi Zhang , Ruibo Chen , Yingqing Yang , Peihua Mai , Heng Huang , Yan Pang

Deepfakes refer to content synthesized using deep generators, which, when misused, have the potential to erode trust in digital media. Synthesizing high-quality deepfakes requires access to large and complex generators only a few entities…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Nils Lukas , Florian Kerschbaum

Deep neural networks have recently achieved significant progress. Sharing trained models of these deep neural networks is very important in the rapid progress of researching or developing deep neural network systems. At the same time, it is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-02-07 Yusuke Uchida , Yuki Nagai , Shigeyuki Sakazawa , Shin'ichi Satoh

In-generation watermarking for latent diffusion models has recently shown high robustness in marking generated images for easier detection and attribution. However, its application to autoregressive (AR) image models is underexplored.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Denis Lukovnikov , Andreas Müller , Erwin Quiring , Asja Fischer

Large Language Model (LLM) watermarking is crucial for establishing the provenance of machine-generated text, but most existing methods rely on a centralized trust model. This model forces users to reveal potentially sensitive text to a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Xiaokun Luan , Yihao Zhang , Pengcheng Su , Feiran Lei , Meng Sun

Watermarking enables GenAI providers to verify whether content was generated by their models. A watermark is a hidden signal in the content, whose presence can be detected using a secret watermark key. A core security threat are forgery…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Toluwani Aremu , Noor Hussein , Munachiso Nwadike , Samuele Poppi , Jie Zhang , Karthik Nandakumar , Neil Gong , Nils Lukas

Watermarking data for source tracking applications by its owner can be unfair for recipients because the data owner may redistribute the same watermarked data to many users. Hence, each data recipient should know the watermark embedded in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Mesfer Mohammed Alqarni

Graph-structured datasets are increasingly central to sensitive applications spanning social networks, biomedical research, and cryptographic systems. As organizations share these datasets with trusted parties for collaborative analysis,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Alexander Nemecek , Emre Yilmaz , Erman Ayday

With the rapid rise of large models, copyright protection for generated image content has become a critical security challenge. Although deep learning watermarking techniques offer an effective solution for digital image copyright…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Shaowu Wu , Liting Zeng , Wei Lu , Xiangyang Luo

The prosperity of deep neural networks (DNNs) is largely benefited from open-source datasets, based on which users can evaluate and improve their methods. In this paper, we revisit backdoor-based dataset ownership verification (DOV), which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Junfeng Guo , Yiming Li , Lixu Wang , Shu-Tao Xia , Heng Huang , Cong Liu , Bo Li