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Implicit Neural Representation (INR), leveraging a neural network to transform coordinate input into corresponding attributes, has recently driven significant advances in several vision-related domains. However, the performance of INR is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Moein Heidari , Reza Rezaeian , Reza Azad , Dorit Merhof , Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh , Ilker Hacihaliloglu

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between deep neural networks (DNN) with rectified linear unit (ReLU) function as the activation function and continuous piecewise linear (CPWL) functions, especially CPWL functions from the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-06-02 Juncai He , Lin Li , Jinchao Xu , Chunyue Zheng

The impressive expressive power of deep neural networks (DNNs) underlies their widespread applicability. However, while the theoretical capacity of deep architectures is high, the practical expressive power achieved through successful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Zezhong Zhang , Feng Bao , Guannan Zhang

Neural networks activated by the rectified linear unit (ReLU) play a central role in the recent development of deep learning. The topic of approximating functions from H\"older spaces by these networks is crucial for understanding the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Tong Mao , Ding-Xuan Zhou

Activation functions influence behavior and performance of DNNs. Nonlinear activation functions, like Rectified Linear Units (ReLU), Exponential Linear Units (ELU) and Scaled Exponential Linear Units (SELU), outperform the linear…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Alberto Marchisio , Muhammad Abdullah Hanif , Semeen Rehman , Maurizio Martina , Muhammad Shafique

The activation function is at the heart of a deep neural networks nonlinearity; the choice of the function has great impact on the success of training. Currently, many practitioners prefer the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) due to its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Jordan Inturrisi , Sui Yang Khoo , Abbas Kouzani , Riccardo Pagliarella

Rectified linear unit (ReLU) is a widely used activation function for deep convolutional neural networks. However, because of the zero-hard rectification, ReLU networks miss the benefits from negative values. In this paper, we propose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-01-30 Suo Qiu , Xiangmin Xu , Bolun Cai

In recent years, the computational demands of deep learning applications have necessitated the introduction of energy-efficient hardware accelerators. Optical neural networks are a promising option; however, thus far they have been largely…

In spite of finite dimension ReLU neural networks being a consistent factor behind recent deep learning successes, a theory of feature learning in these models remains elusive. Currently, insightful theories still rely on assumptions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Devon Jarvis , Richard Klein , Benjamin Rosman , Andrew M. Saxe

We introduce the "exponential linear unit" (ELU) which speeds up learning in deep neural networks and leads to higher classification accuracies. Like rectified linear units (ReLUs), leaky ReLUs (LReLUs) and parametrized ReLUs (PReLUs), ELUs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-02-23 Djork-Arné Clevert , Thomas Unterthiner , Sepp Hochreiter

Implicit Neural Representations (INRs) are powerful to parameterize continuous signals in computer vision. However, almost all INRs methods are limited to low-level tasks, e.g., image/video compression, super-resolution, and image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Yiran Song , Qianyu Zhou , Lizhuang Ma

In neural networks, non-linearity is introduced by activation functions. One commonly used activation function is Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU). ReLU has been a popular choice as an activation but has flaws. State-of-the-art functions like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Advait Vagerwal

We introduce the "inverse square root linear unit" (ISRLU) to speed up learning in deep neural networks. ISRLU has better performance than ELU but has many of the same benefits. ISRLU and ELU have similar curves and characteristics. Both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-13 Brad Carlile , Guy Delamarter , Paul Kinney , Akiko Marti , Brian Whitney

`Biologically inspired' activation functions, such as the logistic sigmoid, have been instrumental in the historical advancement of machine learning. However in the field of deep learning, they have been largely displaced by rectified…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-05-21 Gardave S Bhumbra

ReLU (rectified linear units) neural network has received significant attention since its emergence. In this paper, a univariate ReLU (UReLU) neural network is proposed to both modelling the nonlinear dynamic system and revealing insights…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-06 Xinglong Liang , Jun Xu

With the advancement of deep learning, reducing computational complexity and memory consumption has become a critical challenge, and ternary neural networks (NNs) that restrict parameters to $\{-1, 0, +1\}$ have attracted attention as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yuta Nakahara , Manabu Kobayashi , Toshiyasu Matsushima

Neural architectures tend to fit their data with relatively simple functions. This "simplicity bias" is widely regarded as key to their success. This paper explores the limits of this principle. Building on recent findings that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Damien Teney , Liangze Jiang , Florin Gogianu , Ehsan Abbasnejad

We can compare the expressiveness of neural networks that use rectified linear units (ReLUs) by the number of linear regions, which reflect the number of pieces of the piecewise linear functions modeled by such networks. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Thiago Serra , Srikumar Ramalingam

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are very successful at solving challenging problems with sequential data. However, this observed efficiency is not yet entirely explained by theory. It is known that a certain class of multiplicative RNNs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-31 Valentin Khrulkov , Oleksii Hrinchuk , Ivan Oseledets

This paper provides an analysis of state-of-the-art activation functions with respect to supervised classification of deep neural network. These activation functions comprise of Rectified Linear Units (ReLU), Exponential Linear Unit (ELU),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-07 Anh Nguyen , Khoa Pham , Dat Ngo , Thanh Ngo , Lam Pham