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Recent years have witnessed rapid progress in observations of the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). These have enabled high-dimensional inference of galaxy and intergalactic medium (IGM) properties during the first billion years of our Universe.…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-09 Daniela Breitman , Andrei Mesinger , Steven Murray , David Prelogovic , Yuxiang Qin , Roberto Trotta

The large-scale structure of the Universe supplies crucial information about the physical processes at play at early times. Unresolved maps of the intensity of 21 cm emission from neutral hydrogen HI at redshifts z~1-5 are the best hope of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2013-10-28 Stefano Camera , Mario G. Santos , Pedro G. Ferreira , Luis Ferramacho

We present LIMFAST, a semi-numerical code for simulating high-redshift galaxy formation and cosmic reionization as revealed by multi-tracer line intensity mapping (LIM) signals. LIMFAST builds upon and extends the 21cmFAST code widely used…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-06-14 Lluís Mas-Ribas , Guochao Sun , Tzu-Ching Chang , Michael O. Gonzalez , Richard H. Mebane

It is widely agreed that studying the 21 cm emission line from neutral hydrogen may be our best hope for understanding the creation of the first structures during the dark ages and the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). This hyperfine transition…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-08-03 Mahta Moazzenzadeh , Javad T. Firouzjaee

Detecting redshifted 21cm emission from neutral hydrogen in the early Universe promises to give direct constraints on the epoch of reionization (EoR). It will, though, be very challenging to extract the cosmological signal (CS) from…

This review summarizes recent studies of the cold neutral hydrogen gas associated with galaxies probed via the HI 21-cm absorption line. HI 21-cm absorption against background radio-loud quasars is a powerful tool to study the neutral gas…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-10-16 Rajeshwari Dutta

The properties of the first galaxies, expected to drive the Cosmic Dawn (CD) and the Epoch of Reionization (EoR), are encoded in the 3D structure of the cosmic 21-cm signal. Parameter inference from upcoming 21-cm observations promises to…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-01-24 Jaehong Park , Andrei Mesinger , Bradley Greig , Nicolas Gillet

The 21 cm signal arising from fluctuations in the neutral hydrogen field, and its cross-correlation with other tracers of cosmic density, are promising probes of the high-redshift Universe. In this study, we assess the potential of the 21…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-26 Barun Maity

The absorption features in spectra of high-redshift background radio sources, caused by hyperfine structure lines of hydrogen atoms in the intervening structures, are known collectively as the 21-cm forest. They provide a unique probe of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-09-21 Yue Shao , Yidong Xu , Yougang Wang , Wenxiu Yang , Ran Li , Xin Zhang , Xuelei Chen

Observations of the redshifted 21 cm line from neutral hydrogen will open a new window on the early Universe. By influencing the thermal and ionization history of the intergalactic medium (IGM), annihilating dark matter (DM) can leave a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2014-11-20 Carmelo Evoli , Andrei Mesinger , Andrea Ferrara

[Abridged] The spatially averaged global spectrum of the redshifted 21cm line has generated much experimental interest, for it is potentially a direct probe of the Epoch of Reionization and the Dark Ages. Since the cosmological signal here…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2013-06-07 Adrian Liu , Jonathan R. Pritchard , Max Tegmark , Abraham Loeb

Current and upcoming radio interferometric experiments are aiming to make a statistical characterization of the high-redshift 21cm fluctuation signal spanning the hydrogen reionization and X-ray heating epochs of the universe. However,…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2018-02-19 Nicholas S. Kern , Adrian Liu , Aaron R. Parsons , Andrei Mesinger , Bradley Greig

The light of the first astrophysical objects is expected to leave an imprint on the global 21-cm signal as it heats, excites, and ionizes neutral hydrogen. This dependence on early astrophysics introduces significant uncertainties in…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-08-06 Omer Zvi Katz

In the next few years, the 21cm line will enable direct observations of the Dark Ages, Cosmic Dawn, and Reionization, which represent previously unexplored periods in our cosmic history. With a combination of sky-averaged global signal…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2020-05-20 Adrian Liu , H. Cynthia Chiang , Abigail Crites , Jonathan Sievers , Renée Hložek

The 21-cm brightness-temperature field of neutral hydrogen during the Epoch of Reionization and Cosmic Dawn is a rich source of cosmological and astrophysical information, primarily due to its significant non-Gaussian features. However, the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-09-12 Bohdan Bidenko , Léon V. E. Koopmans , P. Daniel Meerburg

The first generation of redshifted 21 cm detection experiments, carried out with arrays like LOFAR, MWA and GMRT, will have a very low signal-to-noise ratio per resolution element (\sim 0.2). In addition, whereas the variance of the…

The early stages of the Epoch of Reionization, probed by the 21 cm line, are sensitive to the detailed properties and formation histories of the first galaxies. We use 21cmFAST and a simple, self-consistent galaxy model to examine the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-04-15 Kana Moriwaki , Angus Beane , Adam Lidz

Observations of the redshifted 21-cm hyperfine line of neutral hydrogen from early phases of the Universe such as Cosmic Dawn and the Epoch of Reionization promise to open a new window onto the early formation of stars and galaxies. We…

The 21-cm line of neutral hydrogen is a promising probe of the early Universe, yet extracting astrophysical parameters from its power spectrum remains a major challenge. We present a beginner-friendly PyTorch pipeline for Marginal Neural…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-21 Bisweswar Sen

Understanding the epochs of cosmic dawn and reionisation requires us to leverage multi-wavelength and multi-tracer observations, with each dataset providing a complimentary piece of the puzzle. To interpret such data, we update the public…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-24 James E. Davies , Andrei Mesinger , Steven Murray