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Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) mimic the information-processing mechanisms of the human brain and are highly energy-efficient, making them well-suited for low-power edge devices. However, the pursuit of accuracy in current studies leads to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Qianhui Liu , Jiaqi Yan , Malu Zhang , Gang Pan , Haizhou Li

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) as Machine Learning (ML) models have recently received a lot of attention as a potentially more energy-efficient alternative to conventional Artificial Neural Networks. The non-differentiability and sparsity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Maximilian Gollwitzer , Felix Dietrich

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are recognized as the candidate for the next-generation neural networks due to their bio-plausibility and energy efficiency. Recently, researchers have demonstrated that SNNs are able to achieve nearly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Yuhang Li , Youngeun Kim , Hyoungseob Park , Priyadarshini Panda

Leveraging the event-driven paradigm, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a promising approach for energy-efficient Transformer architectures.While ANN-to-SNN conversion avoids the high training cost of directly trained Spiking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Jingya Wang , Xin Deng , Wenjie Wei , Dehao Zhang , Shuai Wang , Qian Sun , Jieyuan Zhang , Hanwen Liu , Ning Xie , Malu Zhang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have attracted great attention due to their distinctive characteristics of low power consumption and temporal information processing. ANN-SNN conversion, as the most commonly used training method for applying…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Zecheng Hao , Jianhao Ding , Tong Bu , Tiejun Huang , Zhaofei Yu

Keyword spotting in edge devices is becoming increasingly important as voice-activated assistants are widely used. However, its deployment is often limited by the extreme low-power constraints of the target embedded systems. Here, we…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Alejandro Pequeño-Zurro , Lyes Khacef , Stefano Panzeri , Elisabetta Chicca

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer significant potential for enabling energy-efficient intelligence at the edge. However, performing full SNN inference at the edge can be challenging due to the latency and energy constraints arising from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Maurf Hassan , Steven Davy , Muhammad Zawish , Owais Bin Zuber , Nouman Ashraf

Event cameras sense brightness changes and output binary asynchronous event streams, attracting increasing attention. Their bio-inspired dynamics align well with spiking neural networks (SNNs), offering a promising energy-efficient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Shuhan Ye , Yi Yu , Qixin Zhang , Chenqi Kong , Qiangqiang Wu , Kun Wang , Xudong Jiang

Spiking Neural Network (SNN) is known as the most famous brain-inspired model, but the non-differentiable spiking mechanism makes it hard to train large-scale SNNs. To facilitate the training of large-scale SNNs, many training methods are…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Yudong Li , Yunlin Lei , Xu Yang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have attracted much attention for their high energy efficiency and recent advances in classification performance. However, unlike traditional deep learning approaches, the study of SNN robustness to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Nuo Xu , Kaleel Mahmood , Haowen Fang , Ethan Rathbun , Caiwen Ding , Wujie Wen

Brain-inspired Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) leverage sparse spikes to encode information and operate in an asynchronous event-driven manner, offering a highly energy-efficient paradigm for machine intelligence. However, the current SNN…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Wenjie Wei , Malu Zhang , Zijian Zhou , Ammar Belatreche , Yimeng Shan , Yu Liang , Honglin Cao , Jieyuan Zhang , Yang Yang

The machine learning community has become increasingly interested in the energy efficiency of neural networks. The Spiking Neural Network (SNN) is a promising approach to energy-efficient computing, since its activation levels are quantized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Aaron R. Voelker , Daniel Rasmussen , Chris Eliasmith

This paper proposes the Nerual Energy Descent (NED) via neural network evolution equations for a wide class of deep learning problems. We show that deep learning can be reformulated as the evolution of network parameters in an evolution…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-02-22 Wenrui Hao , Chunmei Wang , Xingjian Xu , Haizhao Yang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) exhibit superior energy efficiency but suffer from limited performance. In this paper, we consider SNNs as ensembles of temporal subnetworks that share architectures and weights, and highlight a crucial issue…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Yongqi Ding , Lin Zuo , Mengmeng Jing , Pei He , Hanpu Deng

Efficient communication is central to both biological and artificial intelligence (AI) systems. In biological brains, the challenge of long-range communication across regions is addressed through sparse, spike-based signaling, minimizing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Joshua Nardone , Ruijie Zhu , Joseph Callenes , Mohammed E. Elbtity , Ramtin Zand , Jason Eshraghian

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer a promising pathway to implement deep neural networks (DNNs) in a more energy-efficient manner since their neurons are sparsely activated and inferences are event-driven. However, there have been very…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Changze Lv , Jianhan Xu , Xiaoqing Zheng

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are promising biologically plausible models of computation which utilize a spiking binary activation function similar to that of biological neurons. SNNs are well positioned to process spatiotemporal data, and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Boxun Xu , Richard Boone , Peng Li

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are brain-inspired models that enable energy-efficient implementation on neuromorphic hardware. However, the supervised training of SNNs remains a hard problem due to the discontinuity of the spiking neuron…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Mingqing Xiao , Qingyan Meng , Zongpeng Zhang , Yisen Wang , Zhouchen Lin

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer an energy-efficient alternative to conventional deep learning by emulating the event-driven processing manner of the brain. Incorporating Transformers with SNNs has shown promise for accuracy. However,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Yuetong Fang , Ziqing Wang , Lingfeng Zhang , Jiahang Cao , Honglei Chen , Renjing Xu

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) can be used in low-power and embedded systems (such as emerging neuromorphic chips) due to their event-based nature. Also, they have the advantage of low computation cost in contrast to conventional artificial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-20 Ali Samadzadeh , Fatemeh Sadat Tabatabaei Far , Ali Javadi , Ahmad Nickabadi , Morteza Haghir Chehreghani