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This study analyzes proposer-builder data and MEV-Boost payment data following the Ethereum merge in September 2022 to identify patterns of multi-block MEV. Our findings reveal fewer multi-slot sequences of builders than predicted by a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Pascal Stichler

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) represents a pivotal challenge within the Ethereum ecosystem; it impacts the fairness, security, and efficiency of both Layer 1 (L1) and Layer 2 (L2) networks. MEV arises when miners or validators manipulate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Zeinab Alipanahloo , Abdelhakim Senhaji Hafid , Kaiwen Zhang

Do Ethereum's Layer-2 (L2) rollups actually decongest the Layer-1 (L1) mainnet once protocol upgrades and demand are held constant? Using a 1245-day daily panel from August 5, 2021 to December 31, 2024 that spans the London, Merge, and…

General Economics · Economics 2026-01-13 Aysajan Eziz

This paper provides a comprehensive empirical analysis of the economics and dynamics behind arbitrages between centralized and decentralized exchanges (CEX-DEX) on Ethereum. We refine heuristics to identify arbitrage transactions from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Fei Wu , Danning Sui , Thomas Thiery , Mallesh Pai

Decentralized exchanges using automated market makers create arbitrage opportunities with centralized exchanges, where gas fees and transaction ordering are critical. Existing models largely overlook competition among arbitrageurs, despite…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-02-27 Xue Dong He , Chen Yang , Yutian Zhou

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) is value extractable by temporary monopoly power commonly found in decentralized systems. This extraction stems from a lack of user privacy upon transaction submission and the ability of a monopolist…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Tarun Chitra

A blockchain replaces central counterparties with time-consuming consensus protocols to record the transfer of ownership. This settlement latency slows cross-exchange trading, exposing arbitrageurs to price risk. Off-chain settlement,…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2023-10-20 Nikolaus Hautsch , Christoph Scheuch , Stefan Voigt

Blockchains face a scalability limitation, partly due to the throughput limitations of consensus protocols, especially when aiming to obtain a high degree of decentralization. Layer 2 Rollups (L2s) are a faster alternative to conventional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Margarita Capretto , Martín Ceresa , Antonio Fernández Anta , Pedro Moreno-Sanchez , César Sánchez

Blockchain's economic value lies in enabling financial and economic transactions without relying on trusted, centralized intermediaries. In practice, however, transactions pass through a fragmented chain of intermediaries before being…

General Economics · Economics 2026-05-05 Andrea Canidio , Vabuk Pahari

We study a new "laminated" queueing model for orders on batched trading venues such as decentralised exchanges. The model aims to capture and generalise transaction queueing infrastructure that has arisen to organise MEV activity on public…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2024-01-17 Andrew W. Macpherson

As a key enabler of Web3, Ethereum has long faced scalability challenges. The recent EIP-4844 upgrade aims to alleviate the scalability issue by introducing the ''blob'', a new data structure for Layer-2 rollups that enables off-chain…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yue Huang , Shuzheng Wang , Yuming Huang , Gareth Tyson , Huayi Duan , Jing Tang

We derive the arbitrage gains or, equivalently, Loss Versus Rebalancing (LVR) for arbitrage between \textit{two imperfectly liquid} markets, extending prior work that assumes the existence of an infinitely liquid reference market. Our…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-12-03 Christoph Schlegel , Quintus Kilbourn

Maximum extractable value (MEV) has been extensively studied. In most papers, the researchers have worked with the Ethereum blockchain almost exclusively. Even though, Ethereum and other blockchains have dynamic gas prices this is not the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Facundo Carrillo , Elaine Hu

Rollups have become the de facto scalability solution for Ethereum, securing more than $55B in assets. They achieve scale by executing transactions on a Layer 2 ledger, while periodically posting data and finalizing state on the Layer 1,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Stefanos Chaliasos , Conner Swann , Sina Pilehchiha , Nicolas Mohnblatt , Benjamin Livshits , Assimakis Kattis

Blockchain systems, such as Ethereum, are increasingly adopting layer-2 scaling solutions to improve transaction throughput and reduce fees. One popular layer-2 approach is the Optimistic Rollup, which relies on a mechanism known as a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Suhyeon Lee

The multi-chain future is upon us. Modular architectures are coming to maturity across the ecosystem to scale bandwidth and throughput of cryptocurrency. One example of such is the Ethereum modular architecture, with its beacon chain, its…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Alexandre Obadia , Alejo Salles , Lakshman Sankar , Tarun Chitra , Vaibhav Chellani , Philip Daian

The thesis addresses the problem of scalability in decentralized blockchains in the context of the trade-off between transaction throughput and hardware requirements to participate in the network. Rollups are presented, that is technologies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Luca Donno

Multi-block MEV (MMEV) denotes the practice of securing k-consecutive blocks in an attempt at extracting surplus value by manipulating transaction ordering. Following the implementation of pro-poser/builder separation (PBS) on Ethereum,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Johannes Rude Jensen , Victor von Wachter , Omri Ross

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) drives the prosperity of the blockchain ecosystem. By strategically including, excluding, or reordering transactions within blocks, block producers can extract additional value, which in turn incentivizes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Tianyang Chi , Ningyu He , Xiaohui Hu , Haoyu Wang

Ethereum's scalability has been a major concern due to its limited transaction throughput and high fees. To address these limitations, Polygon has emerged as a sidechain solution that facilitates asset transfers between Ethereum and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Tao Yan , Chuanshan Huang , Claudio J. Tessone