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The spectroscopic study of black hole quasinormal modes in gravitational-wave ringdown observations is hindered by our ignorance of which modes should dominate astrophysical signals for different binary configurations, limiting tests of…

We continue our series of papers where we study the quasinormal modes, and their excitation, of black holes in the simplest beyond general relativity model in which first-principle calculations are tractable: a nonrotating black hole in an…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-15 Hector O. Silva , Giovanni Tambalo , Kostas Glampedakis , Kent Yagi

Motivated by a recently discovered connection between the greybody factors of black holes and the ringdown signal, we investigate the greybody factors of ultracompact horizonless objects, also elucidating their connection to echoes. The…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-14 Romeo Felice Rosato , Shauvik Biswas , Sumanta Chakraborty , Paolo Pani

It has been shown, via specific examples and a pseudospectrum analysis, that the black hole quasinormal spectra are unstable. The implication of such a result for gravitational-wave physics and of our understanding of black holes is, still,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-04-03 Vitor Cardoso , Shilpa Kastha , Rodrigo Panosso Macedo

The spectral amplitude of the merger-ringdown gravitational wave (GW) emitted by a comparable mass-ratio black hole merger is modeled by the greybody factor of the remnant black hole. We also include the post-Newtonian correction to the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-10-31 Kazumasa Okabayashi , Naritaka Oshita

We present a short review of the analytical aspects of recent progress in the study of black hole spectral instability and its potential observational consequences. This topic, inspired by earlier foundational works, has attracted…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-13 Shui-Fa Shen , Guan-Ru Li , Ramin G. Daghigh , Jodin C. Morey , Michael D. Green , Wei-Liang Qian , Rui-Hong Yue

Extracting quasinormal modes from compact binary mergers to perform black hole spectroscopy is one of the fundamental pillars in current and future strong-gravity tests. Among the most remarkable findings of recent works is that including a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-09-19 Peter James Nee , Sebastian H. Völkel , Harald P. Pfeiffer

The ''ringdown'' stage of gravitational-wave signals from binary black hole mergers, mainly consisting of a superposition of quasinormal modes emitted by the merger remnant, is a key tool to test fundamental physics and to probe black hole…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-06 Francesco Crescimbeni , Gregorio Carullo , Emanuele Berti , Giada Caneva Santoro , Mark Ho-Yeuk Cheung , Paolo Pani

Recent studies have shown that far-field perturbations to the curvature potential of a black hole spacetime may destabilize its quasinormal mode (QNM) spectrum while only mildly affecting time-domain ringdown signals. In this work, we study…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-26 Andrew Laeuger , Colin Weller , Dongjun Li , Yanbei Chen

The ringdown gravitational wave signal arising e.g., in the final stage of a black hole binary merger, contains important information about the properties of the remnant, and can potentially be used to perform clean tests of general…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-11-22 Taillte May , Sizheng Ma , Justin L. Ripley , William E. East

The characteristic oscillations of black holes, as described by their quasinormal mode (QNM) spectrum, play a fundamental role in testing general relativity with gravitational waves. The so-called parametrized QNM framework was introduced…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-13 Spyros Thomopoulos , Sebastian H. Völkel , Harald P. Pfeiffer

The quasinormal mode spectrum of gravitational waves emitted during the black hole ringdown relaxation phase, following the merger of a black hole binary, is a crucial target of gravitational wave astronomy. By considering causality…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-11-20 A. Kehagias , A. Riotto

A generic feature of nearly out-of-equilibrium dissipative systems is that they resonate through a set of quasinormal modes. Black holes - the absorbing objects par excellence - are no exception. When formed in a merger, black holes vibrate…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-09-23 Elisa Maggio , Luca Buoninfante , Anupam Mazumdar , Paolo Pani

Black holes have their proper oscillations, which are called the quasi-normal modes. The proper oscillations of astrophysical black holes can be observed in the nearest future with the help of gravitational wave detectors. Quasi-normal…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-05-26 Alexander Zhidenko

In this paper, we investigate quasinormal modes (QNMs) and greybody factors within the framework of Symmergent gravity, an emergent gravity model with an $R + R^2$ curvature sector. Building on our previous work on static…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-02-10 Dhruba Jyoti Gogoi , Beyhan Puliçe , Ali Övgün

Quasinormal modes of rapidly rotating black holes are crucial in understanding the ringdown phase after a merger. While for Kerr black holes these modes have been known for a long time, their calculation has remained a challenge in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-01-22 Jose Luis Blázquez-Salcedo , Fech Scen Khoo , Burkhard Kleihaus , Jutta Kunz

We study quasinormal modes and grey-body factors of a massive scalar field in the background of a Schwarzschild black hole surrounded by a spherically symmetric galactic dark matter halo. The background metric, recently obtained as an…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-29 Zainab Malik

The detection of the least damped quasi-normal mode from the remnant of the gravitational wave event GW150914 realised the long sought possibility to observationally study the properties of quasi-stationary black hole spacetimes through…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-07-03 Gregorio Carullo , Walter Del Pozzo , John Veitch

Quasinormal modes are eigenmodes of dissipative systems. Perturbations of classical gravitational backgrounds involving black holes or branes naturally lead to quasinormal modes. The analysis and classification of the quasinormal spectra…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-13 Emanuele Berti , Vitor Cardoso , Andrei O. Starinets

In this work, we wish to address the question -- whether the quasi-normal modes, the characteristic frequencies associated with perturbed black hole spacetimes, central to the stability of these black holes, are themselves stable. Though…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-11-07 Subhodeep Sarkar , Mostafizur Rahman , Sumanta Chakraborty