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Discrete Combinatorial Problems (DCPs) are prevalent in industrial decision-making and optimisation. However, while constraint solving technologies for DCPs have advanced significantly, the core process of formalising them, namely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Kostis Michailidis , Dimos Tsouros , Tias Guns

Recently, prompt tuning (PT) has gained increasing attention as a parameter-efficient way of tuning pre-trained language models (PLMs). Despite extensively reducing the number of tunable parameters and achieving satisfying performance, PT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Yufei Huang , Yujia Qin , Huadong Wang , Yichun Yin , Maosong Sun , Zhiyuan Liu , Qun Liu

In recent years, the state-of-the-art in deep learning has been dominated by very large models that have been pre-trained on vast amounts of data. The paradigm is very simple: investing more computational resources (optimally) leads to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Sotiris Anagnostidis , Gregor Bachmann , Imanol Schlag , Thomas Hofmann

Large Language Models have driven significant AI advancements, yet their training is resource-intensive and highly sensitive to hyper-parameter selection. While scaling laws provide valuable guidance on model size and data requirements,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Xingyu Xie , Kuangyu Ding , Shuicheng Yan , Kim-Chuan Toh , Tianwen Wei

The click-through rate (CTR) prediction task is to predict whether a user will click on the recommended item. As mind-boggling amounts of data are produced online daily, accelerating CTR prediction model training is critical to ensuring an…

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) for reasoning tasks using reinforcement learning methods like Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) is computationally expensive. To address this, we propose a predictive framework that models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Datta Nimmaturi , Vaishnavi Bhargava , Rajat Ghosh , Johnu George , Debojyoti Dutta

Continual Learning (CL) is essential for enabling self-evolving large language models (LLMs) to adapt and remain effective amid rapid knowledge growth. Yet, despite its importance, little attention has been given to establishing statistical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Xiaofan Zhou , Lu Cheng

Domain-adaptive pretraining (DAPT) offers a practical path to specializing large language models for high-value domains without full retraining. We conduct an early-stage scaling-law analysis of continued pretraining on U.S. SEC filings,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Jesse Ponnock

Large language models (LLMs) have attracted significant attention due to their impressive general capabilities across diverse downstream tasks. However, without domain-specific optimization, they often underperform on specialized knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Kangtao Lv , Haibin Chen , Yujin Yuan , Langming Liu , Shilei Liu , Yongwei Wang , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng

Due to the continuous emergence of new data, version updates have become an indispensable requirement for Large Language Models (LLMs). The training paradigms for version updates of LLMs include pre-training from scratch (PTFS) and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Zhihao Wang , Shiyu Liu , Jianheng Huang , Zheng Wang , Yixuan Liao , Xiaoxin Chen , Junfeng Yao , Jinsong Su

Modern LLM pre-training consumes vast amounts of compute and training data, making the scaling behavior, or scaling laws, of different models a key distinguishing factor. Discrete diffusion language models (DLMs) have been proposed as an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Dimitri von Rütte , Janis Fluri , Omead Pooladzandi , Bernhard Schölkopf , Thomas Hofmann , Antonio Orvieto

Prompt-tuning (PT) for large language models (LLMs) can facilitate the performance on various conventional NLP tasks with significantly fewer trainable parameters. However, our investigation reveals that PT provides limited improvement and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Sinan Fan , Liang Xie , Chen Shen , Ge Teng , Xiaosong Yuan , Xiaofeng Zhang , Chenxi Huang , Wenxiao Wang , Xiaofei He , Jieping Ye

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent the recent success of deep learning in achieving remarkable human-like predictive performance. It has become a mainstream strategy to leverage fine-tuning to adapt LLMs for various real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Hongpeng Jin , Wenqi Wei , Xuyu Wang , Wenbin Zhang , Yanzhao Wu

Large language model pre-training has become increasingly expensive, with most practitioners relying on scaling laws to allocate compute budgets for model size and training tokens, commonly referred to as Compute-Optimal or Chinchilla…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Zhen Guo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown superior performance in various applications and fields. To achieve better performance on specialized domains such as law and advertisement, LLMs are often continue pre-trained on in-domain data.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Xiao Liang , Xinyu Hu , Simiao Zuo , Yeyun Gong , Qiang Lou , Yi Liu , Shao-Lun Huang , Jian Jiao

Pruning has become a widely adopted technique for reducing the hardware requirements of large language models (LLMs). To recover model performance after pruning, post-training is commonly employed to mitigate the resulting performance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Xiaodong Chen , Yuxuan Hu , Xiaokang Zhang , Yanling Wang , Cuiping Li , Hong Chen , Jing Zhang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become central to training large language models (LLMs), yet the field lacks predictive scaling methodologies comparable to those established for pre-training. Despite rapidly rising compute budgets, there is…

Understanding how language model performance varies with scale is critical to benchmark and algorithm development. Scaling laws are one approach to building this understanding, but the requirement of training models across many different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Yangjun Ruan , Chris J. Maddison , Tatsunori Hashimoto

Over recent years, an increasing amount of compute and data has been poured into training large language models (LLMs), usually by doing one-pass learning on as many tokens as possible randomly selected from large-scale web corpora. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Kushal Tirumala , Daniel Simig , Armen Aghajanyan , Ari S. Morcos

Training large language models requires jointly configuring two interdependent aspects of the system: the global batch size, which governs statistical efficiency, and the 3D parallelism strategy, which governs hardware throughput. Existing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Akhmed Sakip , Erland Hilman Fuadi , Omar Sayedelahl , Zonghang Li , Jianshu She , Alham Fikri Aji , Steve Liu , Eric Xing , Qirong Ho