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We propose and discuss how basic notions (quadratic modules, positive elements, semialgebraic sets, Archimedean orderings) and results (Positivstellensaetze) from real algebraic geometry can be generalized to noncommutative $*$-algebras. A…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2007-09-25 Konrad Schmuedgen

We prove constructively a Nullstellensatz giving an equivalence between the existence of a certain kind of algebraic identity on one hand, and the impossibility of finding an increasing sequence of irreducible varieties obeying certain…

Commutative Algebra · Mathematics 2023-08-22 Henri Lombardi

We present in this paper a geometric theorem which clarifies and extends in several directions work of Brownawell, Kollar and others on the effective Nullstellensatz. To begin with, we work on an arbitrary smooth complex projective variety…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2009-10-31 Lawrence Ein , Robert Lazarsfeld

Hilbert's Irreducibility Theorem is a cornerstone that joins areas of analysis and number theory. Both the genesis and genius of its proof involved combining real analysis and combinatorics. We try to expose the motivations that led Hilbert…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2017-09-21 Mark B. Villarino , Bill Gasarch , Kenneth Regan

This paper investigates the concept of Nothing from both philosophical and mathematical perspectives, distinguishing between absolute non-being (nihil) and relational negation as a principle of difference. It explores how mathematics…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2026-03-25 András Bátkai

The theory of positive kernels and associated reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces, especially in the setting of holomorphic functions, has been an important tool for the last several decades in a number of areas of complex analysis and…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2016-02-03 Joseph A. Ball , Gregory Marx , Victor Vinnikov

We present a self-contained analysis of infinity from two mathematical perspectives: set theory and algebra. We begin with cardinal and ordinal numbers, examining deep questions such as the continuum hypothesis, along with foundational…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2025-05-16 Noah Betz

Maximal sets of mutually unbiased bases are useful throughout quantum physics, both in a foundational context and for applications. To date, it remains unknown if complete sets of mutually unbiased bases exist in Hilbert spaces of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-09 Daniel McNulty , Stefan Weigert

In this article, we use the Combinatorial Nullstellensatz to give new proofs of the Cauchy-Davenport, the Dias da Silva-Hamidoune and to generalize a previous addition theorem of the author. Precisely, this last result proves that for a set…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-02-22 Eric Balandraud

Commutative Hilbertian Frobenius algebras are those commutative semi-group objects in the monoidal category of Hilbert spaces, for which the Hilbert adjoint of the multiplication satisfies the Frobenius compatibility relation, that is, this…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2020-03-10 Laurent Poinsot

Ufnarovski remarked in 1990 that it is unknown whether any finitely presented associative algebra of linear growth is automaton, that is, whether the set of normal words in the algebra form a regular language. If the algebra is graded, then…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2017-06-21 Dmitri Piontkovski

Concise introduction to a relatively new subject of non-linear algebra: literal extension of text-book linear algebra to the case of non-linear equations and maps. This powerful science is based on the notions of discriminant…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-09-29 V. Dolotin , A. Morozov

The received Hilbert-style axiomatic foundations of mathematics has been designed by Hilbert and his followers as a tool for meta-theoretical research. Foundations of mathematics of this type fail to satisfactory perform more basic and more…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2023-01-20 Andrei Rodin

Positivstellens{\"a}tze are a group of theorems on the positivity of involution algebras over $\mathbb{R}$ or $\mathbb{C}$. One of the most well-known Positivstellensatz is the solution to Hilbert's 17th problem given by E. Artin, which…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2024-06-12 Hao Liang

This article gives a class of Nullstellens\"atze for noncommutative polynomials. The singularity set of a noncommutative polynomial $f=f(x_1,\dots,x_g)$ is $Z(f)=(Z_n(f))_n$, where $Z_n(f)=\{X \in M_n^g: \det f(X) = 0\}.$ The first main…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2022-05-16 J. William Helton , Igor Klep , Jurij Volčič

We prove effective Nullstellensatz and elimination theorems for difference equations in sequence rings. More precisely, we compute an explicit function of geometric quantities associated to a system of difference equations (and these…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2020-11-17 Alexey Ovchinnikov , Gleb Pogudin , Thomas Scanlon

Reverse Mathematics (RM hereafter) is a program in the foundations of mathematics where the aim is to identify the minimal axioms needed to prove a given theorem from ordinary, i.e. non-set theoretic, mathematics. This program has unveiled…

Logic · Mathematics 2022-09-30 Dag Normann , Sam Sanders

This is an introduction to an algebraic construction of a gravity theory on noncommutative spaces which is based on a deformed algebra of (infinitesimal) diffeomorphisms. We start with some fundamental ideas and concepts of noncommutative…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Frank Meyer

The representation of mathematical objects in terms of (more) basic ones is part and parcel of (the foundations of) mathematics. In the usual foundations of mathematics, i.e. $\textsf{ZFC}$ set theory, all mathematical objects are…

Logic · Mathematics 2022-10-19 Sam Sanders

The program Reverse Mathematics in the foundations of mathematics seeks to identify the minimal axioms required to prove theorems of ordinary mathematics. One always assumes the base theory, a logical system embodying computable…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-06-18 Dag Normann , Sam Sanders