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Short answer scoring (SAS) is the task of grading short text written by a learner. In recent years, deep-learning-based approaches have substantially improved the performance of SAS models, but how to guarantee high-quality predictions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Hiroaki Funayama , Tasuku Sato , Yuichiroh Matsubayashi , Tomoya Mizumoto , Jun Suzuki , Kentaro Inui

Automated Short Answer Scoring (ASAS) is a critical component in educational assessment. While traditional ASAS systems relied on rule-based algorithms or complex deep learning methods, recent advancements in Generative Language Models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Zifan Wang , Christopher Ormerod

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in Spoken Language Understanding (SLU), where effective multimodal learning depends on the alignment between audio and text. Despite various fusion methods, no standard metric exists to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Pooneh Mousavi , Yingzhi Wang , Mirco Ravanelli , Cem Subakan

Writing is a foundational literacy skill that underpins effective communication, fosters critical thinking, facilitates learning across disciplines, and enables individuals to organize and articulate complex ideas. Consequently, writing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Jiangang Hao

The grading of open-ended questions is a high-effort, high-impact task in education. Automating this task promises a significant reduction in workload for education professionals, as well as more consistent grading outcomes for students, by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Alexandra Gobrecht , Felix Tuma , Moritz Möller , Thomas Zöller , Mark Zakhvatkin , Alexandra Wuttig , Holger Sommerfeldt , Sven Schütt

Software testing is an essential part of the software lifecycle and requires a substantial amount of time and effort. It has been estimated that software developers spend close to 50% of their time on testing the code they write. For these…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-02-20 Cody Watson , Michele Tufano , Kevin Moran , Gabriele Bavota , Denys Poshyvanyk

Formal software testing education is important for building efficient QA professionals. Various aspects of quality assurance approaches are usually covered in courses for training software testing students. Automated Test Tools is one of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Susmita Haldar , Mary Pierce , Luiz Fernando Capretz

The developments in Generative AI technologies have paved the way for numerous innovations in different fields. Recently, Generative AI has been proposed as a competitor to AES systems in evaluating student essays automatically. Considering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Enis Oğuz

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) excel at comprehending human instructions and demonstrate remarkable results across a broad spectrum of tasks. Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) and AI Feedback (RLAIF) further refine LLMs by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Ju-Seung Byun , Jiyun Chun , Jihyung Kil , Andrew Perrault

Automatic speech quality assessment is essential for audio researchers, developers, speech and language pathologists, and system quality engineers. The current state-of-the-art systems are based on framewise speech features (hand-engineered…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-15 Karl El Hajal , Zihan Wu , Neil Scheidwasser-Clow , Gasser Elbanna , Milos Cernak

Going beyond the prediction of numerical scores, recent research in automated essay scoring has increasingly emphasized the generation of high-quality feedback that provides justification and actionable guidance. To mitigate the high cost…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Seongyeub Chu , Jongwoo Kim , Munyong Yi

Quantifying the confidence (or conversely the uncertainty) of a prediction is a highly desirable trait of an automatic system, as it improves the robustness and usefulness in downstream tasks. In this paper we investigate confidence…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-15 Dan Oneata , Alexandru Caranica , Adriana Stan , Horia Cucu

Automatic assessment of code, in particular to support education, is an important feature included in several Learning Management Systems (LMS), at least to some extent. Several kinds of assessments can be designed, such as exercises asking…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-11-28 Sébastien Combéfis , Guillaume de Moffarts

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, accurately and comprehensively evaluating their performance becomes increasingly challenging. Ranking the relative performance of LLMs based on Elo ratings, according to human judgment,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Minghao Wu , Alham Fikri Aji

Machine learning has been proposed as a way to improve educational assessment by making fine-grained predictions about student performance and learning relationships between items. One challenge with many machine learning approaches is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Arisha Khan , Nathaniel Li , Tori Shen , Anna N. Rafferty

Keeping in mind the necessity of intelligent system in educational sector, this paper proposes a text analysis based automated approach for automatic evaluation of the descriptive answers in an examination. In particular, the research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Vedant Bahel , Achamma Thomas

The effectiveness of active learning largely depends on the sampling efficiency of the acquisition function. Expected Loss Reduction (ELR) focuses on a Bayesian estimate of the reduction in classification error, and more general costs fit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Wei Tan , Lan Du , Wray Buntine

Standard accuracy metrics indicate that reading comprehension systems are making rapid progress, but the extent to which these systems truly understand language remains unclear. To reward systems with real language understanding abilities,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-25 Robin Jia , Percy Liang

Many evolutionary algorithms (EAs) take advantage of parallel evaluation of candidates. However, if evaluation times vary significantly, many worker nodes (i.e.,\ compute clients) are idle much of the time, waiting for the next generation…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Jason Liang , Hormoz Shahrzad , Risto Miikkulainen

We explore the use of deep reinforcement learning to audit an automatic short answer grading (ASAG) model. Automatic grading may decrease the time burden of rating open-ended items for educators, but a lack of robust evaluation methods for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Aubrey Condor , Zachary Pardos