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We liberate Equilibrium Propagation (EP) from the limit of infinitesimal perturbations by establishing a finite-nudge foundation for local credit assignment. By modeling network states as Gibbs-Boltzmann distributions rather than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Elon Litman

Equilibrium propagation (EP) is a compelling alternative to the backpropagation of error algorithm (BP) for computing gradients of neural networks on biological or analog neuromorphic substrates. Still, the algorithm requires weight…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Axel Laborieux , Friedemann Zenke

Equilibrium propagation (EP) is a biologically plausible alternative to backpropagation (BP), but its effectiveness can degrade in deeper and more challenging learning settings. In parallel, dendritic neural networks have demonstrated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yoshimasa Kubo

We introduce a principled method to train end-to-end analog neural networks by stochastic gradient descent. In these analog neural networks, the weights to be adjusted are implemented by the conductances of programmable resistive devices…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Jack Kendall , Ross Pantone , Kalpana Manickavasagam , Yoshua Bengio , Benjamin Scellier

We introduce Gradient Equilibrium Propagation (GradEP), a mechanism that extends Equilibrium Propagation (EP) to train energy gradients rather than energy minima, enabling EP to be applied to tasks where the learning objective depends on…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-05-26 Alex Gower

Bayesian inference is a popular method to build learning algorithms but it is hampered by the fact that its key object, the posterior probability distribution, is often uncomputable. Expectation Propagation (EP) (Minka (2001)) is a popular…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-12-16 Guillaume P. Dehaene

Machine learning is a powerful method of extracting meaning from data; unfortunately, current digital hardware is extremely energy-intensive. There is interest in an alternative analog computing implementation that could match the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Jonathan Lin , Aman Desai , Frank Barrows , Francesco Caravelli

The role of the Equivalence Principle (EP) in classical and quantum mechanics is reviewed. It is shown that the weak EP has a counterpart in quantum theory, a Quantum Equivalence Principle (QEP). This implies that also in the quantum domain…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Claus Lämmerzahl

Exact inference in the linear regression model with spike and slab priors is often intractable. Expectation propagation (EP) can be used for approximate inference. However, the regular sequential form of EP (R-EP) may fail to converge in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2011-12-13 José Miguel Hernández-Lobato , Daniel Hernández-Lobato

We study asymptotic properties of expectation propagation (EP) -- a method for approximate inference originally developed in the field of machine learning. Applied to generalized linear models, EP iteratively computes a multivariate…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-05-11 Burak Çakmak , Manfred Opper

Equilibrium propagation has been proposed as a biologically plausible alternative to the backpropagation algorithm. The local nature of gradient computations, combined with the use of convergent RNNs to reach equilibrium states, make this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Sankar Vinayak Elayedam , Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan

Efficient feature selection from high-dimensional datasets is a very important challenge in many data-driven fields of science and engineering. We introduce a statistical mechanics inspired strategy that addresses the problem of sparse…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-07 Alfredo Braunstein , Thomas Gueudré , Andrea Pagnani , Mirko Pieropan

This paper describes an expectation propagation (EP) method for multi-class classification with Gaussian processes that scales well to very large datasets. In such a method the estimate of the log-marginal-likelihood involves a sum across…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-06-23 Carlos Villacampa-Calvo , Daniel Hernández-Lobato

The reverse process in score-based diffusion models is formally equivalent to overdamped Langevin dynamics in a time-dependent energy landscape. In our prior work we showed that a bilinearly-coupled analog substrate can physically realize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Aditi De

Expectation propagation (EP) is a deterministic approximation algorithm that is often used to perform approximate Bayesian parameter learning. EP approximates the full intractable posterior distribution through a set of local approximations…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-11-19 Yingzhen Li , Jose Miguel Hernandez-Lobato , Richard E. Turner

How the brain performs credit assignment is a fundamental unsolved problem in neuroscience. Many `biologically plausible' algorithms have been proposed, which compute gradients that approximate those computed by backpropagation (BP), and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Beren Millidge , Yuhang Song , Tommaso Salvatori , Thomas Lukasiewicz , Rafal Bogacz

Oscillator networks represent a promising technology for unconventional computing and artificial intelligence. Thus far, these systems have primarily been demonstrated in small-scale implementations, such as Ising Machines for solving…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-04-17 Théophile Rageau , Julie Grollier

This work establishes that a physical system can perform statistical learning without gradient computations, via an Agnostic Equilibrium Propagation (Aeqprop) procedure that combines energy minimization, homeostatic control, and nudging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Benjamin Scellier , Siddhartha Mishra , Yoshua Bengio , Yann Ollivier

Expectation Propagation (EP) is a widely used message-passing algorithm that decomposes a global inference problem into multiple local ones. It approximates marginal distributions (beliefs) using intermediate functions (messages). While…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zilu Zhao , Fangqing Xiao , Dirk Slock

Quantum network communication is challenging, as the No-Cloning theorem in quantum regime makes many classical techniques inapplicable. For long-distance communication, the only viable approach is teleportation of quantum states, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-24 Mohammad Ghaderibaneh , Himanshu Gupta , C. R. Ramakrishnan , Ertai Luo