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Query understanding is essential in modern relevance systems, where user queries are often short, ambiguous, and highly context-dependent. Traditional approaches often rely on multiple task-specific Named Entity Recognition models to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Ping Liu , Jianqiang Shen , Qianqi Shen , Chunnan Yao , Kevin Kao , Dan Xu , Rajat Arora , Baofen Zheng , Caleb Johnson , Liangjie Hong , Jingwei Wu , Wenjing Zhang

Evaluating the quality of search, ranking and RAG systems traditionally requires a significant number of human relevance annotations. In recent times, several deployed systems have explored the usage of Large Language Models (LLMs) as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Abhishek Divekar , Anirban Majumder

With the growing success of Large Language models (LLMs) in information-seeking scenarios, search engines are now adopting generative approaches to provide answers along with in-line citations as attribution. While existing work focuses…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Hanane Djeddal , Pierre Erbacher , Raouf Toukal , Laure Soulier , Karen Pinel-Sauvagnat , Sophia Katrenko , Lynda Tamine

Complementary product recommendation, which aims to suggest items that are used together to enhance customer value, is a crucial yet challenging task in e-commerce. While existing graph neural network (GNN) approaches have made significant…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Zekun Xu , Yudi Zhang

Accurate document retrieval is crucial for the success of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) applications, including open-domain question answering and code completion. While large language models (LLMs) have been employed as dense…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Tong Niu , Shafiq Joty , Ye Liu , Caiming Xiong , Yingbo Zhou , Semih Yavuz

Predictive analysis is a cornerstone of modern decision-making, with applications in various domains. Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools in enabling nuanced, knowledge-intensive conversations, thus aiding in complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Qin Chen , Yuanyi Ren , Xiaojun Ma , Yuyang Shi

Relevance modeling is a critical component for enhancing user experience in search engines, with the primary objective of identifying items that align with users' queries. Traditional models only rely on the semantic congruence between…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Zeyuan Chen , Haiyan Wu , Kaixin Wu , Wei Chen , Mingjie Zhong , Jia Xu , Zhongyi Liu , Wei Zhang

As educational systems evolve, ensuring that assessment items remain aligned with content standards is essential for maintaining fairness and instructional relevance. Traditional human alignment reviews are accurate but slow and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Farzan Karimi-Malekabadi , Pooya Razavi , Sonya Powers

For e-commerce search, user experience is measured by users' behavioral responses to returned products, like click-through rate and conversion rate, as well as the relevance between returned products and search queries. Consequently,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Aijun Dai , Jixiang Zhang , Haiqing Hu , Guoyu Tang , Lin Liu , Ziguang Cheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at tackling various natural language tasks. However, due to the significant costs involved in re-training or fine-tuning them, they remain largely static and difficult to personalize. Nevertheless, a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Jinheon Baek , Nirupama Chandrasekaran , Silviu Cucerzan , Allen herring , Sujay Kumar Jauhar

Large Language Models (LLMs) pose a new paradigm of modeling and computation for information tasks. Recommendation systems are a critical application domain poised to benefit significantly from the sequence modeling capabilities and world…

The paradigm shift from item-centric ranking to answer-centric synthesis is redefining the role of search engines. While recent industrial progress has applied generative techniques to closed-set item ranking in e-commerce, research and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Wei Wu , Peilun Zhou , Liyi Chen , Qimeng Wang , Chengqiang Lu , Yan Gao , Yi Wu , Yao Hu , Hui Xiong

The effective training and evaluation of retrieval systems require a substantial amount of relevance judgments, which are traditionally collected from human assessors -- a process that is both costly and time-consuming. Large Language…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Hossein A. Rahmani , Emine Yilmaz , Nick Craswell , Bhaskar Mitra

In this article we explore the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in assessing the content validity of psychometric instruments, focusing on the Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ) and Big Five Inventory (BFI). Content validity, a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Nicola Milano , Michela Ponticorvo , Davide Marocco

Code review is a crucial practice in software development. As code review nowadays is lightweight, various issues can be identified, and sometimes, they can be trivial. Research has investigated automated approaches to classify review…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Linh Nguyen , Chunhua Liu , Hong Yi Lin , Patanamon Thongtanunam

A Large Language Model (LLM) as judge evaluates the quality of victim Machine Learning (ML) models, specifically LLMs, by analyzing their outputs. An LLM as judge is the combination of one model and one specifically engineered judge prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Tom Biskupski , Stephan Kleber

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential as effective search relevance evaluators. However, there is a lack of comprehensive guidance on which models consistently perform optimally across various contexts or within specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Silvia Terragni , Hoang Cuong , Joachim Daiber , Pallavi Gudipati , Pablo N. Mendes

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been used as relevance assessors for Information Retrieval (IR) evaluation collection creation due to reduced cost and increased scalability as compared to human assessors. While previous research has…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Samaneh Mohtadi , Gianluca Demartini

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently been shown to produce estimates of psycholinguistic norms, such as valence, arousal, or concreteness, for words and multiword expressions, that correlate with human judgments. These estimates are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Thomas Hikaru Clark , Carlos Arriaga , Javier Conde , Gonzalo Martínez , Pedro Reviriego

The efficacy of large language models (LLMs) is heavily dependent on the quality of the underlying data, particularly within specialized domains. A common challenge when fine-tuning LLMs for domain-specific applications is the potential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Jianwei Sun , Chaoyang Mei , Linlin Wei , Kaiyu Zheng , Na Liu , Ming Cui , Tianyi Li