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Popularity bias is a persistent issue associated with recommendation systems, posing challenges to both fairness and efficiency. Existing literature widely acknowledges that reducing popularity bias often requires sacrificing recommendation…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Bin Liu , Erjia Chen , Bang Wang

Popularity bias is a pervasive problem in recommender systems, where recommendations disproportionately favor popular items. This not only results in "rich-get-richer" dynamics and a homogenization of visible content, but can also lead to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Mona Schirmer , Anton Thielmann , Pola Schwöbel , Thomas Martynec , Giuseppe Di Benedetto , Ben London , Yannik Stein

Because implicit user feedback for the collaborative filtering (CF) models is biased toward popular items, CF models tend to yield recommendation lists with popularity bias. Previous studies have utilized inverse propensity weighting (IPW)…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Jae-woong Lee , Seongmin Park , Mincheol Yoon , Jongwuk Lee

Collaborative filtering (CF) recommender systems struggle with making predictions on unseen, or 'cold', items. Systems designed to address this challenge are often trained with supervision from warm CF models in order to leverage…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Gregor Meehan , Johan Pauwels

In news recommendation systems, reducing popularity bias is essential for delivering accurate and diverse recommendations. This paper presents POPK, a new method that uses temporal-counterfactual analysis to mitigate the influence of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Igor L. R. Azevedo , Toyotaro Suzumura , Yuichiro Yasui

We study the fairness of dimensionality reduction methods for recommendations. We focus on the fundamental method of principal component analysis (PCA), which identifies latent components and produces a low-rank approximation via the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 David Liu , Jackie Baek , Tina Eliassi-Rad

In leading collaborative filtering (CF) models, representations of users and items are prone to learn popularity bias in the training data as shortcuts. The popularity shortcut tricks are good for in-distribution (ID) performance but poorly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-18 An Zhang , Wenchang Ma , Jingnan Zheng , Xiang Wang , Tat-seng Chua

Recommender system usually suffers from severe popularity bias -- the collected interaction data usually exhibits quite imbalanced or even long-tailed distribution over items. Such skewed distribution may result from the users' conformity…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Zihao Zhao , Jiawei Chen , Sheng Zhou , Xiangnan He , Xuezhi Cao , Fuzheng Zhang , Wei Wu

Popularity bias in recommender systems can increase cultural overrepresentation by favoring norms from dominant cultures and marginalizing underrepresented groups. This issue is critical for platforms offering cultural products, as they…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Armin Moradi , Nicola Neophytou , Florian Carichon , Golnoosh Farnadi

Popularity bias is a common challenge in recommender systems. It often causes unbalanced item recommendation performance and intensifies the Matthew effect. Due to limited user-item interactions, unpopular items are frequently constrained…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Miaomiao Cai , Lei Chen , Yifan Wang , Zhiyong Cheng , Min Zhang , Meng Wang

Recent studies have shown that recommendation systems commonly suffer from popularity bias. Popularity bias refers to the problem that popular items (i.e., frequently rated items) are recommended frequently while less popular items are…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Mohammadmehdi Naghiaei , Hossein A. Rahmani , Mahdi Dehghan

Popularity bias is a widespread problem in the field of recommender systems, where popular items tend to dominate recommendation results. In this work, we propose 'Test Time Embedding Normalization' as a simple yet effective strategy for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Dain Kim , Jinhyeok Park , Dongwoo Kim

Recommender systems have become an integral part of our daily online experience by analyzing past user behavior to suggest relevant content in entertainment domains such as music, movies, and books. Today, they are among the most widely…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Dominik Kowald

Popularity bias and positivity bias are two prominent sources of bias in recommender systems. Both arise from input data, propagate through recommendation models, and lead to unfair or suboptimal outcomes. Popularity bias occurs when a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Masoud Mansoury , Jin Huang , Mykola Pechenizkiy , Herke van Hoof , Maarten de Rijke

In recommender systems, popularity and conformity biases undermine recommender effectiveness by disproportionately favouring popular items, leading to their over-representation in recommendation lists and causing an unbalanced distribution…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Zhirong Huang , Shichao Zhang , Debo Cheng , Jiuyong Li , Lin Liu , Guixian Zhang

Multimedia recommender systems suggest media items, e.g., songs, (digital) books and movies, to users by utilizing concepts of traditional recommender systems such as collaborative filtering. In this paper, we investigate a potential issue…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-03-02 Dominik Kowald , Emanuel Lacic

Several studies have identified discrepancies between the popularity of items in user profiles and the corresponding recommendation lists. Such behavior, which concerns a variety of recommendation algorithms, is referred to as popularity…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Oleg Lesota , Alessandro B. Melchiorre , Navid Rekabsaz , Stefan Brandl , Dominik Kowald , Elisabeth Lex , Markus Schedl

Collaborative filtering (CF) models based on graph neural networks (GNNs) achieve strong performance in recommender systems by propagating user-item signals over interaction graphs. However, they are highly susceptible to popularity bias,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Md Aminul Islam , Ahmed Sayeed Faruk , Sourav Medya , Elena Zheleva

Recommender systems usually learn user interests from various user behaviors, including clicks and post-click behaviors (e.g., like and favorite). However, these behaviors inevitably exhibit popularity bias, leading to some unfairness…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Xi Wang , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng , Wenge Rong , Chuantao Yin , Zhang Xiong

Recommender systems operate in closed feedback loops, where user interactions reinforce popularity bias, leading to over-recommendation of already popular items while under-exposing niche or novel content. Existing bias mitigation methods,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Rahul Agarwal , Amit Jaspal , Saurabh Gupta , Omkar Vichare