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This paper addresses frequency regulation under operational constraints in interconnected power systems with high penetration of inverter-based renewable generation. A two-layer control architecture is proposed that combines optimized droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Jose A. Solano-Castellanos , Hassan Haes Alhelou , Ali T. Al- Awami , Mohannad Alkhraijah , Anuradha M. Annaswamy

This paper developed a novel control approach for the sparse and safe frequency regulation for inverter intensive microgrids (MGs). In the scenario, the inverters and external grids are expected to reach a synchronized desired frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-12 Junhui Zhang , Lizhi Ding , Xiaonan Lu , Wenyuan Tang

Inverter-connected resources can improve transient stability in low-inertia grids by injecting active power to minimize system frequency deviations following disturbances. In practice, most generation and load disturbances are step changes…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-10 Daniel Tabas , Baosen Zhang

This paper investigates the frequency control of multi-machine power systems subject to uncertain and dynamic net loads. We propose distributed internal model controllers that coordinate synchronous generators and demand response to tackle…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2020-01-10 Hunmin Kim , Minghui Zhu , Jianming Lian

Frequency stability is fundamental to the secure operation of power systems. With growing uncertainty and volatility introduced by renewable generation, secondary frequency regulation must now deliver enhanced performance not only in the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-11 Yixuan Yu , Rajni K. Bansal , Yan Jiang , Pengcheng You

The growing integration of renewable energy sources into distribution networks poses significant challenges to frequency and voltage stability due to their intermittent nature and low-inertia dynamics. This paper proposes a multilevel…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-13 Xian Wu , Jan H. van Schuppen , Hai Xiang Lin

We consider the problem of controlling the frequency of low-inertia power systems via inverter-based resources (IBRs) that are weakly connected to the grid. We propose a novel grid-forming control strategy, the so-called frequency shaping…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-20 Bala Kameshwar Poolla , Yashen Lin , Andrey Bernstein , Enrique Mallada , Dominic Groß

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has been recognized as a promising tool to address the challenges in real-time control of power systems. However, its deployment in real-world power systems has been hindered by a lack of formal stability…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-01 Yuanyuan Shi , Guannan Qu , Steven Low , Anima Anandkumar , Adam Wierman

The expansion of inverter-connected generation facilities (i.e. wind and photovoltaics) and the removal of conventional power plants is necessary to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Whereas conventional generation with large rotating…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2020-01-20 Philipp C. Böttcher , Andreas Otto , Stefan Kettemann , Carsten Agert

Conventional synchronous machines are gradually replaced by converter-based renewable resources. As a result, synchronous inertia, an important time-varying quantity, has substantially more impact on modern power systems stability. The…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-03 Mingjian Tuo , Xingpeng Li

The growing integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) into modern power systems poses significant challenges for maintaining reliable operation under dynamic and constrained conditions. This paper focuses on the power tracking problem…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-17 Zixiao Ma , Baosen Zhang

The principal task to control dynamical systems is to ensure their stability. When the system is unknown, robust approaches are promising since they aim to stabilize a large set of plausible systems simultaneously. We study linear…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-24 Lenart Treven , Sebastian Curi , Mojmir Mutny , Andreas Krause

Deep learning has had a far reaching impact in robotics. Specifically, deep reinforcement learning algorithms have been highly effective in synthesizing neural-network controllers for a wide range of tasks. However, despite this empirical…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Hongkai Dai , Benoit Landry , Lujie Yang , Marco Pavone , Russ Tedrake

The increasing penetration of renewable energy leads to a continuous reduction in system inertia, for which conventional synchronization criteria based solely on frequency consistency can no longer accurately capture the coupled dynamics of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-24 Yusen Wei , Lan Tang , Peidong Li

Recent research has shown that supervised learning can be an effective tool for designing optimal feedback controllers for high-dimensional nonlinear dynamic systems. But the behavior of these neural network (NN) controllers is still not…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-10 Tenavi Nakamura-Zimmerer , Qi Gong , Wei Kang

An inevitable consequence of the global power system transition towards nearly 100% renewable-based generation is the loss of conventional bulk generation by synchronous machines, their inertia, and accompanying frequency and voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-11 Ali Tayyebi , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

A method is presented to analyze the stability of feedback systems with neural network controllers. Two stability theorems are given to prove asymptotic stability and to compute an ellipsoidal inner-approximation to the region of attraction…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-28 He Yin , Peter Seiler , Murat Arcak

This paper proposes a coherency control strategy for Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs) to establish coherence among power system devices. Using the equivalence of the Complex Frequency (CF) of the injected currents as the definition for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-10 Rodrigo Bernal , Ignacio Ponce , Federico Milano

In this paper, we present Lyapunov-based robust and adaptive controllers for the finite time stabilization of a perturbed chain of integrators with bounded uncertainties. The proposed controllers can be designed for integrator chains of any…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2013-05-31 Mohamed Harmouche , Salah Laghrouche , Yacine Chitour

The paper discusses fast frequency control in bulk power systems using embedded networks of grid-forming energy storage resources. Differing from their traditional roles of regulating reserves, the storage resources in this work operate as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-22 Kaustav Chatterjee , Ramij Raja Hossain , Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Diane Baldwin , Ronald Melton