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Membership Inference Attacks (MIAs) infer whether a data point is in the training data of a machine learning model. It is a threat while being in the training data is private information of a data point. MIA correctly infers some data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Mauro Conti , Jiaxin Li , Stjepan Picek

Membership inference attacks (MIA) try to detect if data samples were used to train a neural network model, e.g. to detect copyright abuses. We show that models with higher dimensional input and output are more vulnerable to MIA, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-19 Avital Shafran , Shmuel Peleg , Yedid Hoshen

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a powerful technique for enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs) with external, up-to-date knowledge. Graph RAG has emerged as an advanced paradigm that leverages graph-based knowledge structures to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Jiale Liu , Jiahao Zhang , Suhang Wang

Membership inference attacks (MIAs) against machine learning (ML) models aim to determine whether a given data point was part of the model training data. These attacks may pose significant privacy risks to individuals whose sensitive data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Mona Khalil , Alberto Blanco-Justicia , Najeeb Jebreel , Josep Domingo-Ferrer

Membership inference attacks (MIAs) infer whether a specific data record is used for target model training. MIAs have provoked many discussions in the information security community since they give rise to severe data privacy issues,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-02 Yu Wang , Lifu Huang , Philip S. Yu , Lichao Sun

Membership Inference Attacks (MIAs) are currently a dominant approach for evaluating privacy in machine learning applications. Despite their significance in identifying records belonging to the training dataset, several concerns remain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Cristina Pêra , Tânia Carvalho , Maxime Cordy , Luís Antunes

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a powerful approach to boost the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by incorporating external, up-to-date knowledge sources. However, this introduces a potential vulnerability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Kennedy Edemacu , Vinay M. Shashidhar , Micheal Tuape , Dan Abudu , Beakcheol Jang , Jong Wook Kim

Recent studies have shown that deep learning models are vulnerable to membership inference attacks (MIAs), which aim to infer whether a data record was used to train a target model or not. To analyze and study these vulnerabilities, various…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-12 Chenxu Zhao , Wei Qian , Aobo Chen , Mengdi Huai

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is applied to solve hallucination problems and real-time constraints of large language models, but it also induces vulnerabilities against retrieval corruption attacks. Existing research mainly explores…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Zhuo Chen , Jiawei Liu , Haotan Liu , Qikai Cheng , Fan Zhang , Wei Lu , Xiaozhong Liu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by retrieving external data to mitigate hallucinations and outdated knowledge issues. Benefiting from the strong ability in facilitating diverse data sources and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Tianzhe Zhao , Jiaoyan Chen , Yanchi Ru , Haiping Zhu , Nan Hu , Jun Liu , Qika Lin

Synthetic tabular data has gained attention for enabling privacy-preserving data sharing. While substantial progress has been made in single-table synthetic generation where data are modeled at the row or item level, most real-world data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Joshua Ward , Chi-Hua Wang , Guang Cheng

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become a foundational component of modern AI systems, yet it introduces significant privacy risks by exposing user queries to service providers. To address this, we introduce PIR-RAG, a practical…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Baiqiang Wang , Qian Lou , Mengxin Zheng , Dongfang Zhao

With the rapid advancements of large-scale text-to-image diffusion models, various practical applications have emerged, bringing significant convenience to society. However, model developers may misuse the unauthorized data to train…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Qiao Li , Xiaomeng Fu , Xi Wang , Jin Liu , Xingyu Gao , Jiao Dai , Jizhong Han

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become a cornerstone of knowledge-intensive applications, including enterprise chatbots, healthcare assistants, and agentic memory management. However, recent studies show that knowledge-extraction…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Zhisheng Qi , Utkarsh Sahu , Li Ma , Haoyu Han , Ryan Rossi , Franck Dernoncourt , Mahantesh Halappanavar , Nesreen Ahmed , Yushun Dong , Yue Zhao , Yu Zhang , Yu Wang

Advancements in model algorithms, the growth of foundational models, and access to high-quality datasets have propelled the evolution of Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC). Despite its notable successes, AIGC still faces…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Penghao Zhao , Hailin Zhang , Qinhan Yu , Zhengren Wang , Yunteng Geng , Fangcheng Fu , Ling Yang , Wentao Zhang , Jie Jiang , Bin Cui

The increasing prominence of deep learning applications and reliance on personalized data underscore the urgent need to address privacy vulnerabilities, particularly Membership Inference Attacks (MIAs). Despite numerous MIA studies,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Chenxi Li , Abhinav Kumar , Zhen Guo , Jie Hou , Reza Tourani

Membership inference attack (MIA) has become one of the most widely used and effective methods for evaluating the privacy risks of machine learning models. These attacks aim to determine whether a specific sample is part of the model's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Jing Xue , Zhishen Sun , Haishan Ye , Luo Luo , Xiangyu Chang , Ivor Tsang , Guang Dai

With the growing adoption of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems, various attack methods have been proposed to degrade their performance. However, most existing approaches rely on unrealistic assumptions in which external attackers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Chanwoo Choi , Jinsoo Kim , Sukmin Cho , Soyeong Jeong , Buru Chang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems enhance large language models (LLMs) by integrating external knowledge, making them adaptable and cost-effective for various applications. However, the growing reliance on these systems also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Yucheng Zhang , Qinfeng Li , Tianyu Du , Xuhong Zhang , Xinkui Zhao , Zhengwen Feng , Jianwei Yin

Data is the foundation of most science. Unfortunately, sharing data can be obstructed by the risk of violating data privacy, impeding research in fields like healthcare. Synthetic data is a potential solution. It aims to generate data that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-27 Boris van Breugel , Hao Sun , Zhaozhi Qian , Mihaela van der Schaar