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We develop the spacetime approach to gravitational lensing by spherically symmetric perturbations of flat, cosmological constant-dominated Friedman-Robertson-Walker metrics. The geodesics of the spacetime are expressed as integral…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-08-19 Thomas P. Kling , Sophia MacQueen Pooler

Light undergoes perturbation as gravitational waves pass by. This is shown by solving Maxwell's equations in a spacetime with gravitational waves; a solution exhibits a perturbation due to gravitational waves. We determine the perturbation…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-07-05 Dong-Hoon Kim , Chan Park

The propagation of high-frequency gravitational waves can be analyzed using the geometrical optics approximation. In the case of large but finite frequencies, the geometrical optics approximation is no longer accurate, and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-03-03 Lars Andersson , Jérémie Joudioux , Marius A. Oancea , Ayush Raj

Accelerated expansion of the Universe prompted searches of modified gravity theory beyond general relativity, instead of adding a mysterious dark energy component with exotic physical properties. One such alternative gravity approach is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-06-11 Sreekanth Harikumar , Laur Järv , Margus Saal , Aneta Wojnar , Marek Biesiada

The curved spacetime induced by gravitational waves can give rise to visual effects such as geometric distortions and redshift structures in the observed image. By establishing a mapping from the object's surface coordinates to the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-04-12 Ke Wang , Chao-Jun Feng

Waves propagating through a gravitational potential exhibit wave-optics effects when their wavelength is not significantly smaller than the lensing scales. We study the propagation of a scalar wave, governed by the Klein-Gordon equation in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-16 Emma Bruyère , Cyril Pitrou

The effect of gravitational wave of cosmological wavelength on the gravitational lensing is investigated. When the source, deflector, and observer are aligned in a highly symmetric configuration, an Einstein ring will be observed by the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-11-04 Wenshuai Liu

We present a framework that reformulates gravitational lensing as an optical phenomenon governed by an effective refractive index, enabling exploration of modified gravity theories using undergraduate-level mathematics and optics. After…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-09 Romy Hanang Setya Budhi

Gravitational lensing describes the bending of the trajectories of light and gravitational waves due to the gravitational potential of a massive object. Strong lensing by galaxies can create multiple images with different overall…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-02-26 Simon M. C. Yeung , Mark H. Y. Cheung , Joseph A. J. Gais , Otto A. Hannuksela , Tjonnie G. F. Li

We initiate the study of gravitational-wave lensing in the wave-optics regime within modified gravity. We consider a phenomenological setup in which the gravitational-wave amplitude obeys a curvature-coupled propagation equation. This…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-27 Alice Garoffolo , Gianmassimo Tasinato

The detection of gravitational waves (GWs) propagating through cosmic structures can provide invaluable information on the geometry and content of our Universe, as well as on the fundamental theory of gravity. In order to test possible…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-11-25 Alice Garoffolo , Gianmassimo Tasinato , Carmelita Carbone , Daniele Bertacca , Sabino Matarrese

We present the geometric optics expansion for circularly polarized gravitational waves on a curved spacetime background, to subleading order. We call spin optics to the subleading order geometric optics expansion, which involves modifying…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-12-07 Pravin Kumar Dahal

The wave effect in the gravitational lensing phenomenon by a straight cosmic string is investigated. The interference pattern is expressed in terms of a simple formula. We demonstrate that modulations of the interfered wave amplitude can be…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Kazuhiro Yamamoto , Keiji Tsunoda

Gravitational waves are theorized to be gravitationally lensed when they propagate near massive objects. Such lensing effects cause potentially detectable repeated gravitational wave patterns in ground- and space-based gravitational wave…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-01-07 Amit Jit Singh , Ivan S. C. Li , Otto A. Hannuksela , Tjonnie G. F. Li , Kyungmin Kim

Gravitational waves act like lenses for the light propagating through them. This phenomenon is described using the vector formalism employed for ordinary gravitational lenses, which was proved to be applicable also to a non-stationary…

Astrophysics · Physics 2014-10-13 Valerio Faraoni

In this paper we discuss propagation of the weak high-frequency gravitational waves in a curved spacetime background. We develop a so-called spinoptics approximation which takes into account interaction of the spin of the field with the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-06-27 Valeri P. Frolov , Andrey A. Shoom

Gravitational lensing offers unique opportunities to learn about the astrophysical origin of distant sources, the abundance of intervening objects acting as lenses, and gravity and cosmology in general. However, all this information can…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-11-20 Anson Chen , Paolo Cremonese , Jose María Ezquiaga , David Keitel

We consider the scattering of the gravitational waves by the weak gravitational fields of lens objects. We obtain the scattered gravitational waveform by treating the gravitational potential of the lens to first order, i.e. using the Born…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Ryuichi Takahashi , Teruaki Suyama , Shugo Michikoshi

The recent detection of gravitational waves (GWs) and electromagnetic (EM) waves originating from the same source marks the start of a new multi-messenger era in astronomy. The arrival time difference between the GW and EM signal can be…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-08-31 Paolo Cremonese , Edvard Mörtsell

Gravitational wave predicted by General Relativity is the transverse wave of spatial strain. Several gravitational waveform signals from binary black holes and from a binary neutron star system accompanied by electromagnetic counterparts…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-05-02 Kai Liao , Marek Biesiada , Xi-Long Fan