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Typical IRT rating-scale models assume that the rating category threshold parameters are the same over examinees. However, it can be argued that many rating data sets violate this assumption. To address this practical psychometric problem,…

Methodology · Statistics 2013-03-22 Ken Akira Fujimoto , George Karabatsos

Missingness is a common occurrence in educational assessment and psychological measurement. It could not be casually ignored as it may threaten the validity of the test if not handled properly. Considering the difference between omitted and…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-04-09 Jinxin Guo

This paper is concerned with the nonparametric item response theory (NIRT) for estimating item characteristic curves (ICCs) and latent abilities of examinees on educational and psychological tests. In contrast to parametric models, NIRT…

Applications · Statistics 2017-04-26 Toshiki Sato , Yuichi Takano

Thousands of diverse benchmarks have been developed to measure the quality of large language models (LLMs). Yet prior work has demonstrated that LLM performance is often sufficiently explained by a small set of latent factors, or abilities.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Michael Krumdick , Adam Wiemerslage , Seth Ebner , Charles Lovering , Chris Tanner

This paper explores innovations to parameter estimation in generalized linear and nonlinear models, which may be used in item response modeling to account for guessing/pretending or slipping/dissimulation and for the effect of covariates.…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-03 Adéla Hladká , Patrícia Martinková , Marek Brabec

Item response theory (IRT) models for categorical response data are widely used in the analysis of educational data, computerized adaptive testing, and psychological surveys. However, most IRT models rely on both the assumption that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-01-14 Ryan Ning , Andrew E. Waters , Christoph Studer , Richard G. Baraniuk

In this article, we analyze the near-infrared (NIR) spectra of fifty-eight (58) commercial tablets of 500 mg of paracetamol from different origins (that is, with different batch numbers) in the local markets in Bamako. The NIR spectra were…

Parametric nonlinear mixed effects models (NLMEs) are now widely used in biometrical studies, especially in pharmacokinetics research and HIV dynamics models, due to, among other aspects, the computational advances achieved during the last…

Methodology · Statistics 2012-02-03 Ana Arribas-Gil , Karine Bertin , Cristian Meza , Vincent Rivoirard

Item response theory aims to estimate respondent's latent skills from their responses in tests composed of items with different levels of difficulty. Several models of item response theory have been proposed for different types of tasks,…

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) on comprehensive benchmarks is a cornerstone of their development, yet it's often computationally and financially prohibitive. While Item Response Theory (IRT) offers a promising path toward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Lele Liao , Qile Zhang , Ruofan Wu , Guanhua Fang

We introduce an Item Response Theory (IRT)-based framework to detect and quantify socioeconomic bias in large language models (LLMs) without relying on subjective human judgments. Unlike traditional methods, IRT accounts for item…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Jasmin Wachter , Michael Radloff , Maja Smolej , Katharina Kinder-Kurlanda

The Rasch model is widely used for item response analysis in applications ranging from recommender systems to psychology, education, and finance. While a number of estimators have been proposed for the Rasch model over the last decades, the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-12 Andrew S. Lan , Mung Chiang , Christoph Studer

Despite the availability of benchmark machine learning (ML) repositories (e.g., UCI, OpenML), there is no standard evaluation strategy yet capable of pointing out which is the best set of datasets to serve as gold standard to test different…

Mathematical modelling is a widely used approach to understand and interpret clinical trial data. This modelling typically involves fitting mechanistic mathematical models to data from individual trial participants. Despite the widespread…

The EM algorithm is a method for finding the maximum likelihood estimate of a model in the presence of missing data. Unfortunately, EM does not produce a parameter covariance matrix for standard errors. Supplemented EM (SEM; Meng & Rubin,…

Computation · Statistics 2016-05-04 Joshua N. Pritikin

Most Item Response Theory (IRT) models for dichotomous responses are based on probit or logit link functions which assume a symmetric relationship between the probability of a correct response and the latent traits of individuals submitted…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-24 Flávio B. Gonçalves , Juliane Venturelli , Rosangela H. Loschi

We propose a class of Item Response Theory models for items with ordinal polytomous responses, which extends an existing class of multidimensional models for dichotomously-scored items measuring more than one latent trait. In the proposed…

Methodology · Statistics 2012-01-24 Silvia Bacci , Francesco Bartolucci , Michela Gnaldi

In this article, we introduce the BNPqte R package which implements the Bayesian nonparametric approach of Xu, Daniels and Winterstein (2018) for estimating quantile treatment effects in observational studies. This approach provides…

Computation · Statistics 2021-06-29 Chuji Luo , Michael J. Daniels

Experimental evaluation is crucial in AI research, especially for assessing algorithms across diverse tasks. Many studies often evaluate a limited set of algorithms, failing to fully understand their strengths and weaknesses within a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Brodie Oldfield , Sevvandi Kandanaarachchi , Ziqi Xu , Mario Andrés Muñoz

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance across a wide range of natural language tasks. However, selecting the optimal LLM to respond to a user query often necessitates a delicate balance between performance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Wei Song , Zhenya Huang , Cheng Cheng , Weibo Gao , Bihan Xu , GuanHao Zhao , Fei Wang , Runze Wu