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Written language is complex. A written text can be considered an attempt to convey a meaningful message which ends up being constrained by language rules, context dependence and highly redundant in its use of resources. Despite all these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-20 E. Estevez-Rams , A. Mesa Rodriguez , D. Estevez-Moya

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has been used to enhance the reasoning capability of LLMs. However, its reliability in security-sensitive analytical tasks remains insufficiently examined, particularly under structured human evaluation.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Jiling Zhou , Aisvarya Adeseye , Seppo Virtanen , Antti Hakkala , Jouni Isoaho

Multi-step reasoning ability is fundamental to many natural language tasks, yet it is unclear what constitutes a good reasoning chain and how to evaluate them. Most existing methods focus solely on whether the reasoning chain leads to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Archiki Prasad , Swarnadeep Saha , Xiang Zhou , Mohit Bansal

Large language models (LLMs) excel in natural language generation but often confidently produce incorrect responses, especially in tasks like mathematical reasoning. Chain-of-thought prompting, self-verification, and multi-agent debate are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Mahmood Hegazy

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated emergent capabilities across diverse reasoning tasks via popular Chains-of-Thought (COT) prompting. However, such a simple and fast COT approach often encounters limitations in dealing with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Jiabao Pan , Yan Zhang , Chen Zhang , Zuozhu Liu , Hongwei Wang , Haizhou Li

For a computational system to be intelligent, it should be able to perform, at least, basic deductions. Nonetheless, since deductions are, in some sense, equivalent to tautologies, it seems that they do not provide new information. The…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-04-21 Anderson de Araújo

Reasoning is a cognitive process of using evidence to reach a sound conclusion. The reasoning capability is essential for large language models (LLMs) to serve as the brain of the artificial general intelligence agent. Recent studies reveal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Peiyi Wang , Lei Li , Liang Chen , Feifan Song , Binghuai Lin , Yunbo Cao , Tianyu Liu , Zhifang Sui

Despite the utility of Large Language Models (LLMs) across a wide range of tasks and scenarios, developing a method for reliably evaluating LLMs across varied contexts continues to be challenging. Modern evaluation approaches often use LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Steffi Chern , Ethan Chern , Graham Neubig , Pengfei Liu

Understanding the extent to which Chain-of-Thought (CoT) generations align with a large language model's (LLM) internal computations is critical for deciding whether to trust an LLM's output. As a proxy for CoT faithfulness, Lanham et al.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Oliver Bentham , Nathan Stringham , Ana Marasović

As reasoning modules, such as the chain-of-thought mechanism, are applied to large language models, they achieve strong performance on various tasks such as answering common-sense questions and solving math problems. The main challenge now…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Zhenjiang Mao , Anirudhh Venkat

Large language models (LLMs) often achieve strong performance on reasoning benchmarks, but final-answer accuracy alone does not show whether they faithfully execute the procedure specified in a prompt. We introduce a controlled diagnostic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Sailesh Panda , Pritam Kadasi , Abhishek Upperwal , Mayank Singh

Assessing whether a sample survey credibly represents the population is a critical question for ensuring the validity of downstream research. Generally, this problem reduces to estimating the distance between two high-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Debabrota Basu , Sourav Chakraborty , Debarshi Chanda , Buddha Dev Das , Arijit Ghosh , Arnab Ray

As we consider entrusting Large Language Models (LLMs) with key societal and decision-making roles, measuring their alignment with human cognition becomes critical. This requires methods that can assess how these systems represent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Mattson Ogg , Ritwik Bose , Jamie Scharf , Christopher Ratto , Michael Wolmetz

Confidence estimates are often "detection-like" - driven by positive evidence in favour of a decision. This empirical observation has been interpreted as showing that human metacognition is limited by biases or heuristics. Here, we show…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-11 Wiktoria Kozyra , Kevin O'Neill , Stephen M. Fleming

Language Models (LMs) have shown promising performance in natural language generation. However, as LMs often generate incorrect or hallucinated responses, it is crucial to correctly quantify their uncertainty in responding to given inputs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Xinmeng Huang , Shuo Li , Mengxin Yu , Matteo Sesia , Hamed Hassani , Insup Lee , Osbert Bastani , Edgar Dobriban

Search engines increasingly leverage large language models (LLMs) to generate direct answers, and AI chatbots now access the Internet for fresh data. As information curators for billions of users, LLMs must assess the accuracy and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Kai-Cheng Yang , Filippo Menczer

Conceptual spaces represent entities in terms of their primitive semantic features. Such representations are highly valuable but they are notoriously difficult to learn, especially when it comes to modelling perceptual and subjective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Nitesh Kumar , Usashi Chatterjee , Steven Schockaert

Humans are black boxes -- we cannot observe their neural processes, yet society functions by evaluating verifiable arguments. AI explainability should follow this principle: stakeholders need verifiable reasoning chains, not mechanistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ege Cakar , Per Ola Kristensson

Facing the current debate on whether Large Language Models (LLMs) attain near-human intelligence levels (Mitchell & Krakauer, 2023; Bubeck et al., 2023; Kosinski, 2023; Shiffrin & Mitchell, 2023; Ullman, 2023), the current study introduces…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Junqi Wang , Chunhui Zhang , Jiapeng Li , Yuxi Ma , Lixing Niu , Jiaheng Han , Yujia Peng , Yixin Zhu , Lifeng Fan

To engineer AGI, we should first capture the essence of intelligence in a species-agnostic form that can be evaluated, while being sufficiently general to encompass diverse paradigms of intelligent behavior, including reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Kei-Sing Ng