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Large language models (LLMs) are now used in multi-turn workflows, but we still lack a clear way to measure when iteration helps and when it hurts. We present an evaluation framework for iterative refinement that spans ideation, code, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Shashidhar Reddy Javaji , Bhavul Gauri , Zining Zhu

Large-scale transformers achieve impressive results on program synthesis benchmarks, yet their true generalization capabilities remain obscured by data contamination and opaque training corpora. To rigorously assess whether models are truly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Henrik Voigt , Michael Habeck , Joachim Giesen

Large language models (LLMs) have recently shown impressive results on diverse code-related tasks, benefiting from large-scale training and instruction tuning. However, studies reveal that their grasp of fundamental programming concepts,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Xiaoning Ren , Qiang Hu , Wei Ma , Yan Li , Yao Zhang , Lingxiao Jiang , Yinxing Xue

Instruction tuning a large language model with multiple languages can prepare it for multilingual downstream tasks. Nonetheless, it is yet to be determined whether having a handful of languages is sufficient, or whether the benefits…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Shaoxiong Ji , Pinzhen Chen

Inspired by the recent advancements of Large Language Models (LLMs) in NLP tasks, there's growing interest in applying LLMs to graph-related tasks. This study delves into the capabilities of instruction-following LLMs for engaging with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Kerui Zhu , Bo-Wei Huang , Bowen Jin , Yizhu Jiao , Ming Zhong , Kevin Chang , Shou-De Lin , Jiawei Han

Traditional supervised learning mostly works on individual tasks and requires training on a large set of task-specific examples. This paradigm seriously hinders the development of task generalization since preparing a task-specific example…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Jiasheng Gu , Hongyu Zhao , Hanzi Xu , Liangyu Nie , Hongyuan Mei , Wenpeng Yin

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities across various language tasks, notably through instruction-tuning methods. However, LLMs face challenges in visualizing complex, real-world data through charts and plots.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Fatemeh Pesaran Zadeh , Juyeon Kim , Jin-Hwa Kim , Gunhee Kim

Recent research in behaviour understanding through language grounding has shown it is possible to automatically generate behaviour models from textual instructions. These models usually have goal-oriented structure and are modelled with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-01-14 Debajyoti Paul Chowdhury , Arghya Biswas , Tomasz Sosnowski , Kristina Yordanova

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for improving large language models beyond supervised fine-tuning, yet sustaining performance gains at scale remains an open challenge, as data diversity and structure, rather…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Cansu Sancaktar , David Zhang , Gabriel Synnaeve , Taco Cohen

Multiple supervised learning scenarios are composed by a sequence of classification tasks. For instance, multi-task learning and continual learning aim to learn a sequence of tasks that is either fixed or grows over time. Existing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-10 Verónica Álvarez , Santiago Mazuelas , Jose A. Lozano

Recently, pre-trained language models mostly follow the pre-train-then-fine-tuning paradigm and have achieved great performance on various downstream tasks. However, since the pre-training stage is typically task-agnostic and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Yuxian Gu , Zhengyan Zhang , Xiaozhi Wang , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) on multi-task instruction-following data has been proven to be a powerful learning paradigm for improving their zero-shot capabilities on new tasks. Recent works about high-quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Wei Han , Hui Chen , Soujanya Poria

To acquire instruction-following capabilities, large language models (LLMs) undergo instruction tuning, where they are trained on instruction-response pairs using next-token prediction (NTP). Efforts to improve instruction tuning often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yuxin Xiao , Shujian Zhang , Wenxuan Zhou , Marzyeh Ghassemi , Sanqiang Zhao

Instruct models, obtained from various instruction tuning or post-training steps, are commonly deemed superior and more usable than their base counterpart. While the model gains instruction following ability, instruction tuning may lead to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Ozan İrsoy , Pengxiang Cheng , Jennifer L. Chen , Daniel Preoţiuc-Pietro , Shiyue Zhang , Duccio Pappadopulo

This paper surveys research works in the quickly advancing field of instruction tuning (IT), which can also be referred to as supervised fine-tuning (SFT)\footnote{In this paper, unless specified otherwise, supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Shengyu Zhang , Linfeng Dong , Xiaoya Li , Sen Zhang , Xiaofei Sun , Shuhe Wang , Jiwei Li , Runyi Hu , Tianwei Zhang , Fei Wu , Guoyin Wang

In this work, we evaluate 10 open-source instructed LLMs on four representative code comprehension and generation tasks. We have the following main findings. First, for the zero-shot setting, instructed LLMs are very competitive on code…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Zhiqiang Yuan , Junwei Liu , Qiancheng Zi , Mingwei Liu , Xin Peng , Yiling Lou

The effectiveness of Multimodal Chain-of-Thought (MCoT) prompting is often limited by the use of randomly or manually selected examples. These examples fail to account for both model-specific knowledge distributions and the intrinsic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Xinglong Yang , Quan Feng , Zhongying Pan , Xiang Chen , Yu Tian , Wentong Li , Shuofei Qiao , Yuxia Geng , Xingyu Zhao , Sheng-Jun Huang

Recent research explores optimization using large language models (LLMs) by either iteratively seeking next-step solutions from LLMs or directly prompting LLMs for an optimizer. However, these approaches exhibit inherent limitations,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-06 Zeyuan Ma , Hongshu Guo , Jiacheng Chen , Guojun Peng , Zhiguang Cao , Yining Ma , Yue-Jiao Gong

Instruction tuning is now a widely adopted approach to aligning large multimodal models (LMMs) to follow human intent. It unifies the data format of vision-language tasks, enabling multi-task joint training. However, vision-language tasks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Jinghan He , Haiyun Guo , Ming Tang , Jinqiao Wang

Deep learning yields great results across many fields, from speech recognition, image classification, to translation. But for each problem, getting a deep model to work well involves research into the architecture and a long period of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-19 Lukasz Kaiser , Aidan N. Gomez , Noam Shazeer , Ashish Vaswani , Niki Parmar , Llion Jones , Jakob Uszkoreit