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Testing for conditional independence is a core aspect of constraint-based causal discovery. Although commonly used tests are perfect in theory, they often fail to reject independence in practice, especially when conditioning on multiple…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-03-13 Alexander Marx , Jilles Vreeken

Symmetry plays a central role in the sciences, machine learning, and statistics. While statistical tests for the presence of distributional invariance with respect to groups have a long history, tests for conditional symmetry in the form of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-12 Kenny Chiu , Alex Sharp , Benjamin Bloem-Reddy

In conventional randomized controlled trials, adjustment for baseline values of covariates known to be at least moderately associated with the outcome increases the power of the trial. Recent work has shown particular benefit for more…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-27 James Willard , Shirin Golchi , Erica EM Moodie

A practical limitation of cluster randomized controlled trials (cRCTs) is that the number of available clusters may be small, resulting in an increased risk of baseline imbalance under simple randomization. Constrained randomization…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-01-19 Yunji Zhou , Elizabeth L. Turner , Ryan A. Simmons , Fan Li

We consider the conditional randomization test as a way to account for covariate imbalance in randomized experiments. The test accounts for covariate imbalance by comparing the observed test statistic to the null distribution of the test…

Covariate adjustment is an important tool in the analysis of randomized clinical trials and observational studies. It can be used to increase efficiency and thus power, and to reduce possible bias. While most statistical tests in randomized…

Methodology · Statistics 2011-08-03 Xiaoru Wu , Zhiliang Ying

In confirmatory clinical trials, survival outcomes are frequently studied and interim analyses for efficacy and/or futility are often desirable. Methods such as the log rank test and Cox regression model are commonly used to compare…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-27 Peter Zhang , Brent Logan , Michael Martens

Variable selection can be performed by testing conditional independence (CI) between each predictor and the response, given the other predictors. A doubly robust and powerful option for these CI tests is the projected covariance measure…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-10 Abhinav Chakraborty , Jeffrey Zhang , Eugene Katsevich

We propose consistent nonparametric tests of conditional independence for time series data. Our methods are motivated from the difference between joint conditional cumulative distribution function (CDF) and the product of conditional CDFs.…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-10-12 Xiaojun Song , Haoyu Wei

Reliable inference for spatial regression remains challenging because it requires the correct specification of the spatial dependence structure, the mean trend, and the error distribution. Existing parametric testing methods rely on…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Kanghyun Wi , Hyoeun Kim , Tomáš Mrkvička , Jorge Mateu , Jaewoo Park

We introduce a new test for conditional independence which is based on what we call the weighted generalised covariance measure (WGCM). It is an extension of the recently introduced generalised covariance measure (GCM). To test the null…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-17 Cyrill Scheidegger , Julia Hörrmann , Peter Bühlmann

Reliable uncertainty quantification is essential in survival prediction, particularly in clinical settings where erroneous decisions carry high risk. Conformal prediction has attracted substantial attention as it offers a model-agnostic…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-04 Jaeyoung Shin , Chi Hyun Lee , Sangwook Kang

Conformalized Quantile Regression (CQR) is a recently proposed method for constructing prediction intervals for a response $Y$ given covariates $X$, without making distributional assumptions. However, existing constructions of CQR can be…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-16 Raphael Rossellini , Rina Foygel Barber , Rebecca Willett

In many real-world scenarios, interested variables are often represented as discretized values due to measurement limitations. Applying Conditional Independence (CI) tests directly to such discretized data, however, can lead to incorrect…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Boyang Sun , Yu Yao , Xinshuai Dong , Zongfang Liu , Tongliang Liu , Yumou Qiu , Kun Zhang

This paper introduces novel weighted conformal p-values and methods for model-free selective inference. The problem is as follows: given test units with covariates $X$ and missing responses $Y$, how do we select units for which the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-27 Ying Jin , Emmanuel J. Candès

It is common to conduct causal inference in matched observational studies by proceeding as though treatment assignments within matched sets are assigned uniformly at random and using this distribution as the basis for inference. This…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-14 Samuel D. Pimentel , Yaxuan Huang

Covariance steering (CS) synthesizes a control policy which drives the state's mean and covariance matrix towards desired values. Offering tractable computation of a closed-loop policy which can obey chance constraints in uncertain…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-02 Naoya Kumagai , Kenshiro Oguri

Dealing with distribution shifts is one of the central challenges for modern machine learning. One fundamental situation is the covariate shift, where the input distributions of data change from training to testing stages while the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Yu-Jie Zhang , Zhen-Yu Zhang , Peng Zhao , Masashi Sugiyama

Conformal Predictive Systems (CPS) offer a versatile framework for constructing predictive distributions, allowing for calibrated inference and informative decision-making. However, their applicability has been limited to scenarios adhering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Jef Jonkers , Glenn Van Wallendael , Luc Duchateau , Sofie Van Hoecke

The gold standard for causal model evaluation involves comparing model predictions with true effects estimated from randomized controlled trials (RCT). However, RCTs are not always feasible or ethical to perform. In contrast, conditionally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Chao Ma , Cheng Zhang