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Recently, recurrent models based on linear state space models (SSMs) have shown promising performance in language modeling (LM), competititve with transformers. However, there is little understanding of the in-principle abilities of such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Yash Sarrof , Yana Veitsman , Michael Hahn

State-space models (SSMs) offer a powerful framework for dynamical system analysis, wherein the temporal dynamics of the system are assumed to be captured through the evolution of the latent states, which govern the values of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-17 Jiahe Lin , George Michailidis

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) take inspiration from the brain to enable energy-efficient computations. Since the advent of Transformers, SNNs have struggled to compete with artificial networks on modern sequential tasks, as they inherit…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Matei Ioan Stan , Oliver Rhodes

State-space models (SSMs) have recently attention as an efficient alternative to computationally expensive attention-based models for sequence modeling. They rely on linear recurrences to integrate information over time, enabling fast…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Mahdi Karami , Ali Behrouz , Peilin Zhong , Razvan Pascanu , Vahab Mirrokni

Deep state-space models (Deep SSMs) are becoming popular as effective approaches to model sequence data. They have also been shown to be capable of in-context learning, much like transformers. However, a complete picture of how SSMs might…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Neeraj Mohan Sushma , Yudou Tian , Harshvardhan Mestha , Nicolo Colombo , David Kappel , Anand Subramoney

In the post-deep learning era, the Transformer architecture has demonstrated its powerful performance across pre-trained big models and various downstream tasks. However, the enormous computational demands of this architecture have deterred…

Selective state-space models (SSMs) are an emerging alternative to the Transformer, offering the unique advantage of parallel training and sequential inference. Although these models have shown promising performance on a variety of tasks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Aleksandar Terzić , Michael Hersche , Giacomo Camposampiero , Thomas Hofmann , Abu Sebastian , Abbas Rahimi

Deep state space models (SSMs) are an actively researched model class for temporal models developed in the deep learning community which have a close connection to classic SSMs. The use of deep SSMs as a black-box identification model can…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-21 Daniel Gedon , Niklas Wahlström , Thomas B. Schön , Lennart Ljung

The depth of neural networks is a critical factor for their capability, with deeper models often demonstrating superior performance. Motivated by this, significant efforts have been made to enhance layer aggregation - reusing information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Qinshuo Liu , Weiqin Zhao , Wei Huang , Yanwen Fang , Lequan Yu , Guodong Li

State Space Models (SSMs) have become the leading alternative to Transformers for sequence modeling. Their primary advantage is efficiency in long-context and long-form generation, enabled by fixed-size memory and linear scaling of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Eran Malach , Omid Saremi , Sinead Williamson , Arwen Bradley , Aryo Lotfi , Emmanuel Abbe , Josh Susskind , Etai Littwin

State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as an efficient alternative to the transformer architecture. Recent studies show that SSMs can match or surpass Transformers on code understanding tasks, such as code retrieval, when trained under…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Jiali Wu , Abhinav Anand , Shweta Verma , Mira Mezini

State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to the popular transformer-based models and have been increasingly gaining attention. Compared to transformers, SSMs excel at tasks with sequential data or longer contexts,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Xingtai Lv , Youbang Sun , Kaiyan Zhang , Shang Qu , Xuekai Zhu , Yuchen Fan , Yi Wu , Ermo Hua , Xinwei Long , Ning Ding , Bowen Zhou

State-space models (SSMs) and transformers dominate the language modeling landscape. However, they are constrained to a lower computational complexity than classical recurrent neural networks (RNNs), limiting their expressivity. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Mark Schöne , Babak Rahmani , Heiner Kremer , Fabian Falck , Hitesh Ballani , Jannes Gladrow

Emerging applications such as AR are driving demands for machine intelligence capable of processing continuous and/or long-context inputs on local devices. However, currently dominant models based on Transformer architecture suffers from…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Saptarshi Mitra , Rachid Karami , Haocheng Xu , Sitao Huang , Hyoukjun Kwon

State-space models (SSMs) have emerged as a potential alternative architecture for building large language models (LLMs) compared to the previously ubiquitous transformer architecture. One theoretical weakness of transformers is that they…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-07 William Merrill , Jackson Petty , Ashish Sabharwal

Deep neural state-space models (SSMs) provide a powerful tool for modeling dynamical systems solely using operational data. Typically, neural SSMs are trained using data collected from the actual system under consideration, despite the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Ankush Chakrabarty , Gordon Wichern , Christopher R. Laughman

State Space Models (SSMs) have recently emerged as efficient alternatives to Transformer-Based Models (TBMs) for long-sequence processing with linear scaling, yet how contextual information flows across layers in these architectures remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Nhat M. Hoang , Do Xuan Long , Cong-Duy Nguyen , Min-Yen Kan , Luu Anh Tuan

Although transformers dominate many code-specific tasks, they have significant limitations. This paper explores State Space Models (SSMs) as a promising alternative for code understanding tasks such as retrieval, classification, and clone…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Shweta Verma , Abhinav Anand , Mira Mezini

State space models (SSMs) have emerged as a powerful framework for modelling long-range dependencies in sequence data. Unlike traditional recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), SSMs offer a structured and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Siddhanth Bhat

State-space models have gained popularity in sequence modelling due to their simple and efficient network structures. However, the absence of nonlinear activation along the temporal direction limits the model's capacity. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Shida Wang , Beichen Xue
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