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Pretrained vision-language models (VLMs) like CLIP show strong zero-shot performance but struggle with generalization under distribution shifts. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adapting VLMs to unlabeled test data in new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Hamidreza Dastmalchi , Aijun An , Ali cheraghian

Training on test-time data enables deep learning models to adapt to dynamic environmental changes, enhancing their practical applicability. Online adaptation from source to target domains is promising but it remains highly reliant on the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Jisu Han , Jihee Park , Dongyoon Han , Wonjun Hwang

Source-free test-time adaptation (TTA) is appealing for mobile and wearable sensing because it enables on-device personalization from unlabeled test streams without centralizing private data. However, sensor-based human activity recognition…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Changyu Li , Lu Wang , Ming Lei , Jiashen Liu , Yichen Zhang , Kaishun Wu , Fei Luo

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to address distributional shifts between training and testing data using only unlabeled test data streams for continual model adaptation. However, most TTA methods assume benign test streams, while test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Taesik Gong , Yewon Kim , Taeckyung Lee , Sorn Chottananurak , Sung-Ju Lee

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is an emerging paradigm that addresses distributional shifts between training and testing phases without additional data acquisition or labeling cost; only unlabeled test data streams are used for continual model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Taesik Gong , Jongheon Jeong , Taewon Kim , Yewon Kim , Jinwoo Shin , Sung-Ju Lee

Current test-time adaptation (TTA) approaches aim to adapt a machine learning model to environments that change continuously. Yet, it is unclear whether TTA methods can maintain their adaptability over prolonged periods. To answer this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Trung-Hieu Hoang , Duc Minh Vo , Minh N. Do

The performance of deep learning models depends heavily on test samples at runtime, and shifts from the training data distribution can significantly reduce accuracy. Test-time adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adapting models during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Michal Danilowski , Soumyajit Chatterjee , Abhirup Ghosh

Test Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses the problem of distribution shift by adapting a pretrained model to a new domain during inference. When faced with challenging shifts, most methods collapse and perform worse than the original pretrained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Sabyasachi Sahoo , Mostafa ElAraby , Jonas Ngnawe , Yann Pequignot , Frederic Precioso , Christian Gagne

We consider the problem of improving the human instance segmentation mask quality for a given test image using keypoints estimation. We compare two alternative approaches. The first approach is a test-time adaptation (TTA) method, where we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Kambiz Azarian , Debasmit Das , Hyojin Park , Fatih Porikli

In real-world scenarios, tabular data often suffer from distribution shifts that threaten the performance of machine learning models. Despite its prevalence and importance, handling distribution shifts in the tabular domain remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Changhun Kim , Taewon Kim , Seungyeon Woo , June Yong Yang , Eunho Yang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt a pre-trained model to the target domain in a batch-by-batch manner during inference. While label distributions often exhibit imbalances in real-world scenarios, most previous TTA approaches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Sunghyun Park , Seunghan Yang , Jaegul Choo , Sungrack Yun

Document layout analysis (DLA) aims to divide a document image into different types of regions. DLA plays an important role in the document content understanding and information extraction systems. Exploring a method that can use less data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-05 Xingjiao Wu , Tianlong Ma , Xin Li , Qin Chen , Liang He

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) enables pre-trained models to adapt to continuously evolving domains. Existing methods have improved robustness but typically rely on fixed or batch-level thresholds, which cannot account for varying…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Seunghwan Lee , Inyoung Jung , Hojoon Lee , Eunil Park , Sungeun Hong

Test-time adaptation (TTA) offers a compelling remedy for machine learning (ML) models that degrade under domain shifts, improving generalisation on-the-fly with only unlabelled samples. This flexibility suits real deployments, yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Sudarshan Sreeram , Young D. Kwon , Cecilia Mascolo

We introduce adaptive learn-then-test (aLTT), an efficient hyperparameter selection procedure that provides finite-sample statistical guarantees on the population risk of AI models. Unlike the existing learn-then-test (LTT) technique, which…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-03 Matteo Zecchin , Sangwoo Park , Osvaldo Simeone

Test-time adaptation (TTA) refers to adapting a trained model to a new domain during testing. Existing TTA techniques rely on having multiple test images from the same domain, yet this may be impractical in real-world applications such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Haoyu Dong , Nicholas Konz , Hanxue Gu , Maciej A. Mazurowski

Test-time adaptation (TTA) refers to adjusting the model during the testing phase to cope with changes in sample distribution and enhance the model's adaptability to new environments. In real-world scenarios, models often encounter samples…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Ziqiong Liu , Yushun Tang , Junyang Ji , Zhihai He

Test-time augmentation (TTA) has become a promising approach for mitigating data sparsity in sequential recommendation by improving inference accuracy without requiring costly model retraining. However, existing TTA methods typically rely…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Xibo Li , Liang Zhang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has increasingly been an important topic to efficiently tackle the cross-domain distribution shift at test time for medical images from different institutions. Previous TTA methods have a common limitation of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Hongzheng Yang , Cheng Chen , Meirui Jiang , Quande Liu , Jianfeng Cao , Pheng Ann Heng , Qi Dou

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) offers a practical solution for deploying image segmentation models under domain shift without accessing source data or retraining. Among existing TTA strategies, pseudo-label-based methods have shown promising…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jianghao Wu , Xiangde Luo , Yubo Zhou , Lianming Wu , Guotai Wang , Shaoting Zhang