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Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used to evaluate natural language generation tasks as automated metrics. However, the likelihood, a measure of LLM's plausibility for a sentence, can vary due to superficial differences in sentences,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Masanari Oi , Masahiro Kaneko , Ryuto Koike , Mengsay Loem , Naoaki Okazaki

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 have demonstrated their ability to understand natural language and generate complex code snippets. This paper introduces a novel Large Language Model Evolutionary Algorithm (LLaMEA) framework,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Niki van Stein , Thomas Bäck

Language models (LMs) have been commonly adopted to boost the performance of automatic speech recognition (ASR) particularly in domain adaptation tasks. Conventional way of LM training treats all the words in corpora equally, resulting in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Yingyi Ma , Zhe Liu , Ozlem Kalinli

Many existing conditional score-based data generation methods utilize Bayes' theorem to decompose the gradients of a log posterior density into a mixture of scores. These methods facilitate the training procedure of conditional score…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Chen-Hao Chao , Wei-Fang Sun , Bo-Wun Cheng , Yi-Chen Lo , Chia-Che Chang , Yu-Lun Liu , Yu-Lin Chang , Chia-Ping Chen , Chun-Yi Lee

One of the most common methods for statistical inference is the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). The MLE needs to compute the normalization constant in statistical models, and it is often intractable. Using unnormalized statistical…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-04-26 Takafumi Kanamori , Takashi Takenouchi

This research investigates prompt designs of evaluating generated texts using large language models (LLMs). While LLMs are increasingly used for scoring various inputs, creating effective prompts for open-ended text evaluation remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-28 KuanChao Chu , Yi-Pei Chen , Hideki Nakayama

The ability to rigorously estimate the failure rates of large language models (LLMs) is a prerequisite for their safe deployment. Currently, however, practitioners often face a tradeoff between expensive human gold standards and potentially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Minghe Shen , Ananth Balashankar , Adam Fisch , David Madras , Miguel Rodrigues

Traditional Linear Genetic Programming (LGP) algorithms are based only on the selection mechanism to guide the search. Genetic operators combine or mutate random portions of the individuals, without knowing if the result will lead to a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-04-05 Léo Françoso Dal Piccol Sotto , Vinícius Veloso de Melo

Mathematics is often perceived as a complex subject by students, leading to high failure rates in exams. To improve Mathematics skills, it is important to provide sample questions for students to practice problem-solving. Manually creating…

Large language models (LLMs) inherently operate over a large generation space, yet conventional usage typically reports the most likely generation (MLG) as a point prediction, which underestimates the model's capability: although the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Ye Li , Anqi Hu , Yuanchang Ye , Shiyan Tong , Zhiyuan Wang , Bo Fu

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly help people solve problems, from debugging code to repairing machinery. This process requires generating plausible hypotheses from partial descriptions, then updating them as more information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Hua-Dong Xiong

Speech-comprehension difficulties are common among older people. Standard speech tests do not fully capture such difficulties because the tests poorly resemble the context-rich, story-like nature of ongoing conversation and are typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Björn Herrmann

Prompt engineering is a new paradigm for enhancing the performance of trained neural network models. For optimizing text-style prompts, existing methods usually individually operate small portions of a text step by step, which either breaks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Yujian Betterest Li , Kai Wu

Score matching is an alternative to maximum likelihood (ML) for estimating a probability distribution parametrized up to a constant of proportionality. By fitting the ''score'' of the distribution, it sidesteps the need to compute this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Chirag Pabbaraju , Dhruv Rohatgi , Anish Sevekari , Holden Lee , Ankur Moitra , Andrej Risteski

A safe and trustworthy use of Large Language Models (LLMs) requires an accurate expression of confidence in their answers. We propose a novel Reinforcement Learning approach that allows to directly fine-tune LLMs to express calibrated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 David Bani-Harouni , Chantal Pellegrini , Paul Stangel , Ege Özsoy , Kamilia Zaripova , Nassir Navab , Matthias Keicher

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as evaluators for natural language generation, applying human-defined rubrics to assess system outputs. However, human rubrics are often static and misaligned with how models internally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Clemencia Siro , Pourya Aliannejadi , Mohammad Aliannejadi

Neural language models are often trained with maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), where the next word is generated conditioned on the ground-truth word tokens. During testing, however, the model is instead conditioned on previously…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Guoyin Wang , Chunyuan Li , Jianqiao Li , Hao Fu , Yuh-Chen Lin , Liqun Chen , Yizhe Zhang , Chenyang Tao , Ruiyi Zhang , Wenlin Wang , Dinghan Shen , Qian Yang , Lawrence Carin

In conventional supervised pattern recognition tasks, model selection is typically accomplished by minimizing the classification error rate on a set of so-called development data, subject to ground-truth labeling by human experts or some…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2011-08-25 Christopher M. White , Sanjeev P. Khudanpur , Patrick J. Wolfe

Standard language models generate text by selecting tokens from a fixed, finite, and standalone vocabulary. We introduce a novel method that selects context-aware phrases from a collection of supporting documents. One of the most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Bowen Cao , Deng Cai , Leyang Cui , Xuxin Cheng , Wei Bi , Yuexian Zou , Shuming Shi

Natural language generation (NLG) has received increasing attention, which has highlighted evaluation as a central methodological concern. Since human evaluations for these systems are costly, automatic metrics have broad appeal in NLG.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-01 Johnny Tian-Zheng Wei