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We propose Tensor-Trained Low-Rank Adaptation Mixture of Experts (TT-LoRA MoE), a novel computational framework integrating Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) with sparse MoE routing to address scalability challenges in large model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Pradip Kunwar , Minh N. Vu , Maanak Gupta , Mahmoud Abdelsalam , Manish Bhattarai

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) paradigm provides a powerful way to decompose dense layers into smaller, modular computations often more amenable to human interpretation, debugging, and editability. However, a major challenge lies in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-18 James Oldfield , Markos Georgopoulos , Grigorios G. Chrysos , Christos Tzelepis , Yannis Panagakis , Mihalis A. Nicolaou , Jiankang Deng , Ioannis Patras

The emergence of large-scale Mixture of Experts (MoE) models represents a significant advancement in artificial intelligence, offering enhanced model capacity and computational efficiency through conditional computation. However, deploying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Jiacheng Liu , Peng Tang , Wenfeng Wang , Yuhang Ren , Xiaofeng Hou , Pheng-Ann Heng , Minyi Guo , Chao Li

To deploy large Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models cost-effectively, offloading-based single-GPU heterogeneous inference is crucial. While GPU-CPU architectures that offload cold experts are constrained by host memory bandwidth, emerging…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yudong Pan , Yintao He , Tianhua Han , Lian Liu , Shixin Zhao , Zhirong Chen , Mengdi Wang , Cangyuan Li , Yinhe Han , Ying Wang

Knowledge editing (KE) enables precise modifications to factual content in large language models (LLMs). Existing KE methods are largely designed for dense architectures, limiting their applicability to the increasingly prevalent sparse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Yupu Gu , Rongzhe Wei , Andy Zhu , Pan Li

Mixture of Experts (MoE) architectures have significantly increased computational efficiency in both research and real-world applications of large-scale machine learning models. However, their scalability and efficiency under memory…

The Mixture-of-Expert (MoE) technique plays a crucial role in expanding the size of DNN model parameters. However, it faces the challenge of extended all-to-all communication latency during the training process. Existing methods attempt to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Chenyu Jiang , Ye Tian , Zhen Jia , Shuai Zheng , Chuan Wu , Yida Wang

The sparsely gated mixture of experts (MoE) architecture sends different inputs to different subnetworks, i.e., experts, through trainable routers. MoE reduces the training computation significantly for large models, but its deployment can…

Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models can outperform dense large language models at similar computation by activating only a small set of experts per token. However, stacking many expert modules introduces substantial parameter memory,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Xin He , Shunkang Zhang , Kaijie Tang , Shaohuai Shi , Yuxin Wang , Zihao Zeng , Zhenheng Tang , Xiaowen Chu , Haiyan Yin , Ivor W. Tsang , Yew Soon Ong

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures leverage sparse activation to enhance the scalability of large language models (LLMs), making them suitable for deployment in resource-constrained edge networks. However, the sheer number of experts…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Qian Chen , Xianhao Chen , Kaibin Huang

Recent years have seen a growing interest and adoption of LLMs, with Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) emerging as a leading architecture in extremely large models. Currently, the largest open-source models reach over $1$T parameters. At such…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models offer computational efficiency during inference by activating only a subset of specialized experts for a given input. This enables efficient model scaling on multi-GPU systems that use expert parallelism…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Zachary Doucet , Rishi Sharma , Martijn de Vos , Rafael Pires , Anne-Marie Kermarrec , Oana Balmau

Pretraining large language models (LLMs) typically requires centralized clusters with thousands of high-memory GPUs (e.g., H100/A100). Recent decentralized training methods reduce communication overhead by employing federated optimization;…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Jinrui Zhang , Chaodong Xiao , Aoqi Wu , Xindong Zhang , Lei Zhang

The capacity of a neural network to absorb information is limited by its number of parameters. Conditional computation, where parts of the network are active on a per-example basis, has been proposed in theory as a way of dramatically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-01-24 Noam Shazeer , Azalia Mirhoseini , Krzysztof Maziarz , Andy Davis , Quoc Le , Geoffrey Hinton , Jeff Dean

It is widely acknowledged that the performance of Transformer models is logarithmically related to their number of parameters and computational complexity. While approaches like Mixture of Experts (MoE) decouple parameter count from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Zihao Huang , Qiyang Min , Hongzhi Huang , Defa Zhu , Yutao Zeng , Ran Guo , Xun Zhou

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Large Language Models (LLMs) efficiently scale-up the model while keeping relatively low inference cost. As MoE models only activate part of the experts, related work has proposed expert prediction and caching…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Shien Zhu , Samuel Bohl , Robin Oester , Gustavo Alonso

Recent advancements have shown that the Mixture of Experts (MoE) approach significantly enhances the capacity of large language models (LLMs) and improves performance on downstream tasks. Building on these promising results, multi-modal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Linglin Jing , Yuting Gao , Zhigang Wang , Wang Lan , Yiwen Tang , Wenhai Wang , Kaipeng Zhang , Qingpei Guo

Sparsely-gated Mixture of Experts networks (MoEs) have demonstrated excellent scalability in Natural Language Processing. In Computer Vision, however, almost all performant networks are "dense", that is, every input is processed by every…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Carlos Riquelme , Joan Puigcerver , Basil Mustafa , Maxim Neumann , Rodolphe Jenatton , André Susano Pinto , Daniel Keysers , Neil Houlsby

Mixture of experts has emerged as the primary mechanism for making Large Language Models (LLMs) computationally efficient. However, in distributed settings, communicating token embeddings between experts is a significant bottleneck. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Muhammad Shahir Abdurrahman , Chun Deng , Azalia Mirhoseini , Philip Levis

While Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) scales model capacity without proportionally increasing computation, its massive total parameter footprint creates significant storage and memory-access bottlenecks, which hinder efficient end-side deployment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Chenyang Song , Weilin Zhao , Xu Han , Chaojun Xiao , Yingfa Chen , Zhiyuan Liu
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