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200 papers

The increasing integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into society necessitates robust defenses against vulnerabilities from jailbreaking and adversarial prompts. This project proposes a recursive framework for enhancing the resistance…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Bryan Li , Sounak Bagchi , Zizhan Wang

Prompt injection attacks manipulate large language models (LLMs) by misleading them to deviate from the original input instructions and execute maliciously injected instructions, because of their instruction-following capabilities and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yulin Chen , Haoran Li , Yuan Sui , Yufei He , Yue Liu , Yangqiu Song , Bryan Hooi

Despite the impressive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in various tasks, their vulnerability to unsafe prompts remains a critical issue. These prompts can lead LLMs to generate responses on illegal or sensitive topics, posing a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Jinseok Kim , Jaewon Jung , Sangyeop Kim , Sohyung Park , Sungzoon Cho

Large language models (LLMs) are popular for high-quality text generation but can produce harmful content, even when aligned with human values through reinforcement learning. Adversarial prompts can bypass their safety measures. We propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Mansi Phute , Alec Helbling , Matthew Hull , ShengYun Peng , Sebastian Szyller , Cory Cornelius , Duen Horng Chau

The volume of machine-generated content online has grown dramatically due to the widespread use of Large Language Models (LLMs), leading to new challenges for content moderation systems. Conventional content moderation classifiers, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Shaz Furniturewala , Arkaitz Zubiaga

With the integration of an additional modality, large vision-language models (LVLMs) exhibit greater vulnerability to safety risks (e.g., jailbreaking) compared to their language-only predecessors. Although recent studies have devoted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Ziwei Zheng , Junyao Zhao , Le Yang , Lijun He , Fan Li

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to their extensive global deployment, and ensuring their safety calls for comprehensive and multilingual toxicity evaluations. However, existing toxicity benchmarks are overwhelmingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Devansh Jain , Priyanshu Kumar , Samuel Gehman , Xuhui Zhou , Thomas Hartvigsen , Maarten Sap

In recent years, the advent of the attention mechanism has significantly advanced the field of natural language processing (NLP), revolutionizing text processing and text generation. This has come about through transformer-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Zhiyao Zhang , Yazan Mash'Al , Yuhan Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are vulnerable to attacks like prompt injection, backdoor attacks, and adversarial attacks, which manipulate prompts or models to generate harmful outputs. In this paper, departing from traditional deep learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Huawei Lin , Yingjie Lao , Tong Geng , Tan Yu , Weijie Zhao

Toxic language includes content that is offensive, abusive, or that promotes harm. Progress in preventing toxic output from large language models (LLMs) is hampered by inconsistent definitions of toxicity. We introduce TRuST, a large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Berk Atil , Namrata Sureddy , Rebecca J. Passonneau

Protein language models (PLMs) are becoming practical tools for de novo protein design, yet their dual-use potential raises safety concerns. We show that domain adaptation to specific taxonomic groups can elicit toxic protein generation,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Manuel Fernández Burda , Santiago Aranguri , Iván Arcuschin Moreno , Enzo Ferrante

Large language model (LLM) systems increasingly power everyday AI applications such as chatbots, computer-use assistants, and autonomous robots, where performance often depends on manually well-crafted prompts. LLM-based prompt optimizers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Andrew Zhao , Reshmi Ghosh , Vitor Carvalho , Emily Lawton , Keegan Hines , Gao Huang , Jack W. Stokes

Large language models (LLMs) can perform recommendation tasks by taking prompts written in natural language as input. Compared to traditional methods such as collaborative filtering, LLM-based recommendation offers advantages in handling…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Genki Kusano , Kosuke Akimoto , Kunihiro Takeoka

The discourse around toxicity and LLMs in NLP largely revolves around detection tasks. This work shifts the focus to evaluating LLMs' reasoning about toxicity - from their explanations that justify a stance - to enhance their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Ramaravind Kommiya Mothilal , Joanna Roy , Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed , Shion Guha

Large Language Models are widely used for content moderation but often present certain over-sensitivity, leading to misclassification of benign content and rejecting safe user commands. While previous research attributes this issue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Yuxin Wang , Botao Yu , Ivory Yang , Saeed Hassanpour , Soroush Vosoughi

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming a popular tool as they have significantly advanced in their capability to tackle a wide range of language-based tasks. However, LLMs applications are highly vulnerable to prompt injection attacks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Md Abdur Rahman , Fan Wu , Alfredo Cuzzocrea , Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed

The advent of Large Language Models LLMs marks a milestone in Artificial Intelligence, altering how machines comprehend and generate human language. However, LLMs are vulnerable to malicious prompt injection attacks, where crafted inputs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Sahasra Kokkula , Somanathan R , Nandavardhan R , Aashishkumar , G Divya

Large language models (LLMs) have become indispensable for automated code generation, yet the quality and security of their outputs remain a critical concern. Existing studies predominantly concentrate on adversarial attacks or inherent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Bin Wang , YiLu Zhong , MiDi Wan , WenJie Yu , YuanBing Ouyang , Yenan Huang , Hui Li

Emojis are globally used non-verbal cues in digital communication, and extensive research has examined how large language models (LLMs) understand and utilize emojis across contexts. While usually associated with friendliness or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Shiyao Cui , Xijia Feng , Yingkang Wang , Junxiao Yang , Zhexin Zhang , Biplab Sikdar , Hongning Wang , Han Qiu , Minlie Huang

The rapid growth of live-streaming platforms such as Twitch has introduced complex challenges in moderating toxic behavior. Traditional moderation approaches, such as human annotation and keyword-based filtering, have demonstrated utility,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Baktash Ansari , Elias Martin , Afra Mashhadi