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Limit order books (LOBs) match buyers and sellers in more than half of the world's financial markets. This survey highlights the insights that have emerged from the wealth of empirical and theoretical studies of LOBs. We examine the…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2015-03-17 Martin D. Gould , Mason A. Porter , Stacy Williams , Mark McDonald , Daniel J. Fenn , Sam D. Howison

We define a stochastic model of a two-sided limit order book in terms of its key quantities \textit{best bid [ask] price} and the \textit{standing buy [sell] volume density}. For a simple scaling of the discreteness parameters, that keeps…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2015-01-06 Ulrich Horst , Michael Paulsen

We present a Markovian market model driven by a hidden Brownian efficient price. In particular, we extend the queue-reactive model, making its dynamics dependent on the efficient price. Our study focuses on two sub-models: a signal-driven…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-06-16 Emmanouil Sfendourakis

In this paper we develop a new form of agent-based model for limit order books based on heterogeneous trading agents, whose motivations are liquidity driven. These agents are abstractions of real market participants, expressed in a…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2015-01-20 Efstathios Panayi , Gareth Peters

Currently, there is no general theory for deriving diffusion approximations of queueing systems with high- or infinite-dimensional state descriptors. In this paper, we explore one path for deriving diffusion limit equations of queueing…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-05-28 Eva H Loeser

Priority queues are one of the most fundamental and widely used data structures in computer science. Their primary objective is to efficiently support the insertion of new elements with assigned priorities and the extraction of the highest…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Ziyad Benomar , Christian Coester

The Limit Order Book (LOB), the mostly fundamental data of the financial market, provides a fine-grained view of market dynamics while poses significant challenges in dealing with the esteemed deep models due to its strong autocorrelation,…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Muyao Zhong , Yushi Lin , Peng Yang

We show that multivariate Hawkes processes coupled with the nonparametric estimation procedure first proposed in Bacry and Muzy (2015) can be successfully used to study complex interactions between the time of arrival of orders and their…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2018-07-10 Marcello Rambaldi , Emmanuel Bacry , Fabrizio Lillo

In this paper, we study queueing systems with delayed information that use a generalization of the multinomial logit choice model as its arrival process. Previous literature assumes that the functional form of the multinomial logit model is…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-11-23 Philip Doldo , Jamol Pender

One popular approach to model the limit order books dynamics of the best bid and ask at level-1 is to use the reduced-form diffusion approximations. It is well known that the biggest contributing factor to the price movement is the…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2016-12-13 Tzu-Wei Yang , Lingjiong Zhu

We investigate whether the bid/ask queue imbalance in a limit order book (LOB) provides significant predictive power for the direction of the next mid-price movement. We consider this question both in the context of a simple binary…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2015-12-14 Martin D. Gould , Julius Bonart

Partial orders are used extensively for modeling and analyzing concurrent computations. In this paper, we define two properties of partially ordered sets: width-extensibility and interleaving-consistency, and show that a partial order can…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2014-10-07 Himanshu Chauhan , Vijay K. Garg

Reinforcement Learning has emerged as a promising framework for developing adaptive and data-driven strategies, enabling market makers to optimize decision-making policies based on interactions with the limit order book environment. This…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2026-02-17 Rafael Zimmer , Oswaldo Luiz do Valle Costa

This paper considers a Markovian model of a limit order book where time-dependent rates are allowed. With the objective of understanding the mechanisms through which a microscopic model of an orderbook can converge to more general diffusion…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-02-03 Jonathan A. Chávez-Casillas

This paper explores the utility of agent-based simulations in realistically modelling market structures and sheds light on the nuances of optimal dealer strategies. It underscores the contrast between conclusions drawn from probabilistic…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2023-12-12 Wladimir Ostrovsky

This paper consists of two parts. The first part is devoted to empirical analysis of consolidated order book (COB) for the index RTS futures. In the second part we consider Poissonian multi--agent model of the COB. By varying parameters of…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2014-02-19 A. O. Glekin , A. Lykov , K. L. Vaninsky

A classical reduced order model for dynamical problems involves spatial reduction of the problem size. However, temporal reduction accompanied by the spatial reduction can further reduce the problem size without losing accuracy much, which…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-10-04 Youngsoo Choi , Peter Brown , Bill Arrighi , Robert Anderson

We propose a model for the dynamics of a limit order book in a liquid market where buy and sell orders are submitted at high frequency. We derive a functional central limit theorem for the joint dynamics of the bid and ask queues and show…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2012-03-01 Rama Cont , Adrien De Larrard

Queuing models provide insight into the temporal inhomogeneity of human dynamics, characterized by the broad distribution of waiting times of individuals performing tasks. We study the queuing model of an agent trying to execute a task of…

Physics and Society · Physics 2012-06-05 Hang-Hyun Jo , Raj Kumar Pan , Kimmo Kaski

With the proliferation of algorithmic high-frequency trading in financial markets, the Limit Order Book has generated increased research interest. Research is still at an early stage and there is much we do not understand about the dynamics…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2019-02-05 Faisal I Qureshi