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A principal barrier to large-scale deployment of urban autonomous driving systems lies in the prevalence of complex scenarios and edge cases. Existing systems fail to effectively interpret semantic information within traffic contexts and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Yuhang Zhang , Jiaqi Liu , Chengkai Xu , Peng Hang , Jian Sun

Reliable and accurate lane detection has been a long-standing problem in the field of autonomous driving. In recent years, many approaches have been developed that use images (or videos) as input and reason in image space. In this paper we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-05-07 Min Bai , Gellert Mattyus , Namdar Homayounfar , Shenlong Wang , Shrinidhi Kowshika Lakshmikanth , Raquel Urtasun

Many fields could benefit from the rapid development of the large language models (LLMs). The end-to-end autonomous driving (e2eAD) is one of the typically fields facing new opportunities as the LLMs have supported more and more modalities.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Peiru Zheng , Yun Zhao , Zhan Gong , Hong Zhu , Shaohua Wu

Understanding 3D spatial relationships remains a major limitation of current Vision-Language Models (VLMs). Prior work has addressed this issue by creating spatial question-answering (QA) datasets based on single images or indoor videos.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Mohsen Gholami , Ahmad Rezaei , Zhou Weimin , Sitong Mao , Shunbo Zhou , Yong Zhang , Mohammad Akbari

Recent advances in foundation models (FMs), including large language models (LLMs), vision-language models (VLMs), and world models, have opened new opportunities for autonomous driving systems (ADSs) in perception, reasoning,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Xiongfei Wu , Mingfei Cheng , Xiaoning Ren , Qiang Hu , Jianlang Chen , Yuheng Huang , Maxime Cordy , Yao Zhang , Xiaofei Xie , Lei Ma , Yves Le Traon

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown strong vision-language reasoning abilities but still lack robust 3D spatial understanding, which is critical for autonomous driving. This limitation stems from two key challenges: (1) the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Ruixun Liu , Lingyu Kong , Derun Li , Hang Zhao

In the evolving landscape of transportation systems, integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) offers a promising frontier for advancing intelligent decision-making across various applications. This paper introduces a novel 3-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Dexter Le , Aybars Yunusoglu , Karn Tiwari , Murat Isik , I. Can Dikmen

Recently, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have emerged as a key approach in achieving artificial general intelligence. In particular, vision-language MLLMs have been developed to generate not only text but also visual outputs from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Donghwan Chi , Hyomin Kim , Yoonjin Oh , Yongjin Kim , Donghoon Lee , Daejin Jo , Jongmin Kim , Junyeob Baek , Sungjin Ahn , Sungwoong Kim

Humans are remarkably flexible in understanding viewpoint changes due to visual cortex supporting the perception of 3D structure. In contrast, most of the computer vision models that learn visual representation from a pool of 2D images…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Jinghuan Shang , Srijan Das , Michael S. Ryoo

3D lane detection is essential in autonomous driving as it extracts structural and traffic information from the road in three-dimensional space, aiding self-driving cars in logical, safe, and comfortable path planning and motion control.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Fulong Ma , Weiqing Qi , Guoyang Zhao , Linwei Zheng , Sheng Wang , Yuxuan Liu , Ming Liu , Jun Ma

Driven by the great success of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the 2D image domain, their applications in 3D scene understanding has emerged as a new trend. A key difference between 3D and 2D is that the situation of an egocentric observer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Zhihao Yuan , Yibo Peng , Jinke Ren , Yinghong Liao , Yatong Han , Chun-Mei Feng , Hengshuang Zhao , Guanbin Li , Shuguang Cui , Zhen Li

Recent advancements in Visual Language Models (VLMs) have made them crucial for visual question answering (VQA) in autonomous driving, enabling natural human-vehicle interactions. However, existing methods often struggle in dynamic driving…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Siwen Jiao , Yangyi Fang , Baoyun Peng , Wangqun Chen , Bharadwaj Veeravalli

Large language models (LLMs) are growingly extended to process multimodal data such as text and video simultaneously. Their remarkable performance in understanding what is shown in images is surpassing specialized neural networks (NNs) such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Malsha Ashani Mahawatta Dona , Beatriz Cabrero-Daniel , Yinan Yu , Christian Berger

With the rise of vision-language models (VLM), their application for autonomous driving (VLM4AD) has gained significant attention. Meanwhile, in autonomous driving, closed-loop evaluation has become widely recognized as a more reliable…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Xiaosong Jia , Yuqian Shao , Zhenjie Yang , Qifeng Li , Zhiyuan Zhang , Junchi Yan

Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN) requires an embodied agent to ground complex natural-language instructions into long-horizon navigation in unseen environments. While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) offer strong 2D semantic understanding,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Zihao Xin , Wentong Li , Yixuan Jiang , Ziyuan Huang , Bin Wang , Piji Li , Jianke Zhu , Jie Qin , Shengjun Huang

Maintaining good driving behavior in out-of-distribution scenarios remains a critical challenge in autonomous driving. A promising direction is to leverage the generalist knowledge and reasoning capabilities of large-language models by…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Luke Rowe , Rodrigue de Schaetzen , Roger Girgis , Christopher Pal , Liam Paull

Holistically understanding an object and its 3D movable parts through visual perception models is essential for enabling an autonomous agent to interact with the world. For autonomous driving, the dynamics and states of vehicle parts such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-07 Feixiang Lu , Zongdai Liu , Hui Miao , Peng Wang , Liangjun Zhang , Ruigang Yang , Dinesh Manocha , Bin Zhou

Integrating large language models (LLMs) into autonomous driving motion planning has recently emerged as a promising direction, offering enhanced interpretability, better controllability, and improved generalization in rare and long-tail…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Zhipeng Tang , Sha Zhang , Jiajun Deng , Chenjie Wang , Guoliang You , Yuting Huang , Xinrui Lin , Yanyong Zhang

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) excel at complex visual tasks such as VQA and chart understanding, yet recent work suggests they struggle with simple perceptual tests. We present an evaluation of vision-language models' capacity for nonlocal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Shmuel Berman , Jia Deng

Recent developments in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have significantly improved Vision-Language (VL) reasoning in 2D domains. However, extending these capabilities to 3D scene understanding remains a major challenge. Existing 3D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Haijier Chen , Bo Xu , Shoujian Zhang , Haoze Liu , Jiaxuan Lin , Jingrong Wang