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We introduce GECKO, a bilingual large language model (LLM) optimized for Korean and English, along with programming languages. GECKO is pretrained on the balanced, high-quality corpus of Korean and English employing LLaMA architecture. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Sungwoo Oh , Donggyu Kim

Chinese grammatical error correction (CGEC) aims to detect and correct errors in the input Chinese sentences. Recently, Pre-trained Language Models (PLMS) have been employed to improve the performance. However, current approaches ignore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Ding Zhang , Yangning Li , Lichen Bai , Hao Zhang , Yinghui Li , Haiye Lin , Hai-Tao Zheng , Xin Su , Zifei Shan

Large language models (LLMs) often experience language confusion, which is the unintended mixing of languages during text generation. Current solutions to this problem either necessitate model retraining or cannot differentiate between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Collin Zhang , Fei Huang , Chenhan Yuan , Junyang Lin

Grammatical error correction (GEC) is the task of correcting typos, spelling, punctuation and grammatical issues in text. Approaching the problem as a sequence-to-sequence task, we compare the use of a common subword unit vocabulary and…

Recent large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the ability to perform explicit multi-step reasoning such as chain-of-thought prompting. However, their intermediate steps often contain errors that can propagate leading to inaccurate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Yijin Yang , Cristina Cornelio , Mario Leiva , Paulo Shakarian

Neural machine translation systems have become state-of-the-art approaches for Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) task. In this paper, we propose a copy-augmented architecture for the GEC task by copying the unchanged words from the source…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Wei Zhao , Liang Wang , Kewei Shen , Ruoyu Jia , Jingming Liu

Modern generative pre-trained language models excel at open-ended text generation, yet continue to underperform on structure-related tasks such as NER, relation extraction, and semantic role labeling, especially when compared to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Minho Lee , Junghyun Min , Yerang Kim , Woochul Lee , Yeonsoo Lee

In Grammatical Error Correction (GEC), it is crucial to ensure the user's comprehension of a reason for correction. Existing studies present tokens, examples, and hints as to the basis for correction but do not directly explain the reasons…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Masahiro Kaneko , Naoaki Okazaki

We propose a neural encoder-decoder model with reinforcement learning (NRL) for grammatical error correction (GEC). Unlike conventional maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), the model directly optimizes towards an objective that considers a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-04 Keisuke Sakaguchi , Matt Post , Benjamin Van Durme

Although rarely stated, in practice, Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) encompasses various models with distinct objectives, ranging from grammatical error detection to improving fluency. Traditional evaluation methods fail to fully capture…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Robert Östling , Katarina Gillholm , Murathan Kurfalı , Marie Mattson , Mats Wirén

In Grammatical Error Correction (GEC), sequence labeling models enjoy fast inference compared to sequence-to-sequence models; however, inference in sequence labeling GEC models is an iterative process, as sentences are passed to the model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Kevin Parnow , Zuchao Li , Hai Zhao

In the era of large language models (LLMs), in-context learning (ICL) stands out as an effective prompting strategy that explores LLMs' potency across various tasks. However, applying LLMs to grammatical error correction (GEC) is still a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Chenming Tang , Fanyi Qu , Yunfang Wu

The paper focuses on the interpretability of Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) evaluation metrics, which received little attention in previous studies. To bridge the gap, we introduce **CLEME2.0**, a reference-based metric describing four…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Jingheng Ye , Zishan Xu , Yinghui Li , Linlin Song , Qingyu Zhou , Hai-Tao Zheng , Ying Shen , Wenhao Jiang , Hong-Gee Kim , Ruitong Liu , Xin Su , Zifei Shan

We present a grammar error correction (GEC) system that achieves state of the art for the Czech language. Our system is based on a neural network translation approach with the Transformer architecture, and its key feature is its real-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Petr Pechman , Milan Straka , Jana Straková , Jakub Náplava

We describe an approach to Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) that is effective at making use of models trained on large amounts of weakly supervised bitext. We train the Transformer sequence-to-sequence model on 4B tokens of Wikipedia…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-06 Jared Lichtarge , Christopher Alberti , Shankar Kumar , Noam Shazeer , Niki Parmar

The burgeoning progress in the field of Large Language Models (LLMs) heralds significant benefits due to their unparalleled capacities. However, it is critical to acknowledge the potential misuse of these models, which could give rise to a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Haolan Zhan , Xuanli He , Qiongkai Xu , Yuxiang Wu , Pontus Stenetorp

Currently, the majority of research in grammatical error correction (GEC) is concentrated on universal languages, such as English and Chinese. Many low-resource languages lack accessible evaluation corpora. How to efficiently construct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Nankai Lin , Meiyu Zeng , Wentao Huang , Shengyi Jiang , Lixian Xiao , Aimin Yang

Design patterns (DPs) are recognised as a good practice in software development. However, the lack of appropriate documentation often hampers traceability, and their benefits are blurred among thousands of lines of code. Automatic methods…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Rafael Barbudo , Aurora Ramírez , Francisco Servant , José Raúl Romero

The sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) approach has recently been widely used in grammatical error correction (GEC) and shows promising performance. However, the Seq2Seq GEC approach still suffers from two issues. First, a Seq2Seq GEC model can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Houquan Zhou , Yumeng Liu , Zhenghua Li , Min Zhang , Bo Zhang , Chen Li , Ji Zhang , Fei Huang

Some grammatical error correction (GEC) systems incorporate hand-crafted rules and achieve positive results. However, manually defining rules is time-consuming and laborious. In view of this, we propose a method to mine error templates for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-24 Yue Zhang , Haochen Jiang , Zuyi Bao , Bo Zhang , Chen Li , Zhenghua Li