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Materials subjected to a magnetic field exhibit the Hall effect, a phenomenon studied and understood in fine detail. Here we report a qualitative breach of this classical behavior in electron systems with high viscosity. The viscous fluid…

Linear temperature dependence of transport coefficients in metals is often ascribed to non-Fermi-liquid physics. Here we demonstrate the $T$-linear behavior of nonlocal conductivity in a clean 2D electron fluid, where carrier collisions…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-02-11 Serhii Kryhin , Qiantan Hong , Leonid Levitov

We investigate the dynamics of spin-nonequilibrium electron systems for the case when normal electron collisions prevail over the other scattering processes and the "hydrodynamic flow" regime is realized. The hydrodynamic equations for the…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2011-09-12 R. N. Gurzhi , A. N. Kalinenko , A. I. Kopeliovich , P. V. Pyshkin , A. V. Yanovsky

Electron hydrodynamics typically emerges in electron fluids with a high electron-electron collision rate. However, new experiments with thin flakes of WTe$_2$ have revealed that other momentum-conserving scattering processes can replace the…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-04-25 Yotam Wolf , Amit Aharon-Steinberg , Binghai Yan , Tobias Holder

Fermi gases in two dimensions display a surprising collective behavior originating from the head-on carrier collisions. The head-on processes dominate angular relaxation at not-too-high temperatures $T\ll T_F$ owing to the interplay of…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2019-09-18 Patrick J Ledwith , Haoyu Guo , Andrey V Shytov , Leonid Levitov

Hydrodynamic flow occurs in an electron liquid when the mean free path for electron-electron collisions is the shortest length scale in the problem. In this regime, transport is described by the Navier-Stokes equation, which contains two…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2016-03-08 Alessandro Principi , Giovanni Vignale , Matteo Carrega , Marco Polini

Recent experiments have provided compelling and renewed interest in phonon hydrodynamics. At variance with ordinary diffusive heat transport, this regime is primarily governed by momentum-conserving phonon collisions. At the mesoscopic…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-02-10 Enrico Di Lucente , Francesco Libbi , Nicola Marzari

Hydrodynamic electrons in high-mobility graphene devices have demonstrated great potential in establishing an electronic analogue of relativistic quantum fluid in solid-state systems. One of the key requirements for observing viscous…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Richa P. Madhogaria , Aniket Majumdar , Nishant Dahma , Pritam Pal , Rishabh Hangal , Kenji Watanabe , Takashi Taniguchi , Arindam Ghosh

We study the hydrodynamic flow of electrons through a smooth potential energy landscape in two dimensions, for which the electrical current is concentrated along thin channels that follow percolating equipotential contours. The width of…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2024-05-24 Aaron Hui , Calvin Pozderac , Brian Skinner

In sufficiently clean metals, it is possible for electrons to collectively flow as a viscous fluid at finite temperature. These viscous effects have been predicted to give a notable magnetoresistance, but whether the magnetoresistance is…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2020-01-29 Ipsita Mandal , Andrew Lucas

Electron plasmas confined by an external magnetic field exhibit variations in a two-dimensional plane orthogonal to the confining magnetic field. A nonlinear fluid simulation code to investigate the properties of 2-D electron plasma wave…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Dastgeer Shaikh , P. K. Shukla

We investigate the striking absence of strong localisation observed in mesoscopic two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) (Baenninger et al 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 1016805, Backes et al 2015 Phys. Rev. B 92 235427) even when their…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2016-05-25 Dirk Backes , Richard Hall , Michael Pepper , Harvey Beere , David Ritchie , Vijay Narayan

We explore layered strongly correlated materials as a platform to identify and control unconventional heat transfer phenomena. We demonstrate that these systems can be tailored to sustain a wide spectrum of heat transport regimes, ranging…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2021-11-29 Giacomo Mazza , Marco Gandolfi , Massimo Capone , Francesco Banfi , Claudio Giannetti

Ultra-pure conductors may exhibit hydrodynamic transport where the collective motion of charge carriers resembles the flow of a viscous fluid. In a confined geometry (e.g., in ultra-high quality nanostructures) the electronic fluid assumes…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2018-02-14 P. S. Alekseev , A. P. Dmitriev , I. V. Gornyi , V. Yu. Kachorovskii , B. N. Narozhny , M. Titov

Electron transport through a nanostructure can be characterized in part using concepts from classical fluid dynamics. It is thus natural to ask how far the analogy can be taken, and whether the electron liquid can exhibit nonlinear…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2013-08-27 Neil Bushong , John Gamble , Massimiliano Di Ventra

Electrical resistance usually originates from lattice imperfections. However, even a perfect lattice has a fundamental resistance limit, given by the Landauer conductance caused by a finite number of propagating electron modes. This…

The emergence of hydrodynamic behavior in electronic flow within clean, particle-hole-symmetric systems at half-filling is a non-trivial problem. Navier-Stokes (NS) equations describe the momentum flow, while experimental measurements…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-05-26 Adrien Reingruber , Kitinan Pongsangangan , Fakher Assaad , Maksim Ulybyshev

Nanobubbles formed in monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) on top of a substrate feature localized potentials, in which electrons can be captured. We show that the captured electronic density can exhibit a non-trivial…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2021-12-22 Roberto Rosati , Frank Lengers , Christian Carmesin , Matthias Florian , Tilmann Kuhn , Frank Jahnke , Michael Lorke , Doris E. Reiter

The study of electron transport in low-dimensional systems is of importance, not only from a fundamental point of view, but also for future electronic and spintronic devices. In this context heterostructures containing a two-dimensional…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2020-08-25 M. J. Iqbal , D. Reuter , A. D. Wieck , C. H. van der Wal

Viscous electron flow exhibits exotic signatures such as superballistic conduction. In order to observe hydrodynamics effects, a 2D device where the current flow is as inhomogeneous as possible is desirable. To this end, we build three…