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Transformers are set to become ubiquitous with applications ranging from chatbots and educational assistants to visual recognition and remote sensing. However, their increasing computational and memory demands is resulting in growing energy…

The Transformer architecture has been successful across many domains, including natural language processing, computer vision and speech recognition. In keyword spotting, self-attention has primarily been used on top of convolutional or…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-11 Axel Berg , Mark O'Connor , Miguel Tairum Cruz

With the increasing scale of machine learning tasks, it has become essential to reduce the communication between computing nodes. Early work on gradient compression focused on the bottleneck between CPUs and GPUs, but…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-06-18 Sarit Khirirat , Sindri Magnússon , Arda Aytekin , Mikael Johansson

Transformer inference in machine-learning-as-a-service (MLaaS) raises privacy concerns for sensitive user inputs. Prior secure solutions that combine fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) and secure multiparty computation (MPC) are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yufan Zhu , Chao Jin , Khin Mi Mi Aung , Xiaokui Xiao

Transformer, BERT and their variants have achieved great success in natural language processing. Since Transformer models are huge in size, serving these models is a challenge for real industrial applications. In this paper, we propose…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Xiaohui Wang , Ying Xiong , Yang Wei , Mingxuan Wang , Lei Li

Design decisions are at the core of software engineering and appear in Q\&A forums, mailing lists, pull requests, issue trackers, and commit messages. Design discussions spanning a project's history provide valuable information for informed…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Lawrence Arkoh , Daniel Feitosa , Wesley K. G. Assunção

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled increasingly capable chatbots. However, most existing systems focus on single-user settings and do not generalize well to multi-user group chat interactions, where agents require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Zhuokang Shen , Yifan Wang , Hanyu Chen , Yunhang Shen , Wenxuan Huang , Gaoqi He , Jiao Xie , Rongrong Ji , Shaohui Lin

Transformer-based models have achieved dominant performance in numerous NLP tasks. Despite their remarkable successes, pre-trained transformers such as BERT suffer from a computationally expensive self-attention mechanism that interacts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Jungmin Yun , Mihyeon Kim , Youngbin Kim

In the realm of Large Language Model (LLM) inference, the inherent structure of transformer models coupled with the multi-GPU tensor parallelism strategy leads to a sequential execution of computation and communication. This results in…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Bin Xiao , Lei Su

As large language models (LLMs) continue to grow in size, fewer users are able to host and run models locally. This has led to increased use of third-party hosting services. However, in this setting, there is a lack of guarantees on the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Arka Pal , Louai Zahran , William Gvozdjak , Akilesh Potti , Micah Goldblum

Recent developments in machine translation and multilingual text generation have led researchers to adopt trained metrics such as COMET or BLEURT, which treat evaluation as a regression problem and use representations from multilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Amy Pu , Hyung Won Chung , Ankur P. Parikh , Sebastian Gehrmann , Thibault Sellam

Existing approaches to understanding, developing and researching modern wireless communication technologies involves time-intensive and arduous process of sifting through numerous webpages and technical specification documents, gathering…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-08-11 Manikanta Kotaru

Quantum communication has the potential to revolutionize information processing, providing unparalleled security and increased capacity compared to its classical counterpart by using the principles of quantum mechanics. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-30 Yuqi Li , Zhouhang Shi , Haitao Ma , Li Shen , Jinge Bao , Yunlong Xiao

In the model of quantum cloud computing, the server executes a computation on the quantum data provided by the client. In this scenario, it is important to reduce the amount of quantum communication between the client and the server. A…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-24 Yan Zhu , Ge Bai , Yuexuan Wang , Tongyang Li , Giulio Chiribella

To train large models (like BERT and GPT-3) on hundreds of GPUs, communication has become a major bottleneck, especially on commodity systems with limited-bandwidth TCP network. On one side large batch-size optimization such as LAMB…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Conglong Li , Ammar Ahmad Awan , Hanlin Tang , Samyam Rajbhandari , Yuxiong He

This study addresses the challenge of improving dense retrieval performance for queries containing numerical conditions, such as ``companies with more than one billion dollars in R&D expenditure.'' Although recent research has shown that…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Haruki Fujimaki , Makoto P. Kato

Discrete-state denoising diffusion models led to state-of-the-art performance in graph generation, especially in the molecular domain. Recently, they have been transposed to continuous time, allowing more flexibility in the reverse process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Antoine Siraudin , Fragkiskos D. Malliaros , Christopher Morris

Efficient inference is a critical challenge in deep generative modeling, particularly as diffusion models grow in capacity and complexity. While increased complexity often improves accuracy, it raises compute costs, latency, and memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Siu Hang Ho , Prasad Ganesan , Nguyen Duong , Daniel Schlabig

Homomorphic encryption (HE) and secret sharing (SS) enable computations on encrypted data, providing significant privacy benefits for large transformer-based models (TBM) in sensitive sectors like medicine and finance. However, private TBM…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Yuntian Chen , Zhanyong Tang , Tianpei Lu , Bingsheng Zhang , Zhiying Shi , Zheng Wang

Transformer-based models have achieved stateof-the-art results in many tasks in natural language processing. However, such models are usually slow at inference time, making deployment difficult. In this paper, we develop an efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Henry Tsai , Jayden Ooi , Chun-Sung Ferng , Hyung Won Chung , Jason Riesa