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Model merging provides a way of cheaply combining individual models to produce a model that inherits each individual's capabilities. While some merging methods can approach the performance of multitask training, they are often heuristically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Marawan Gamal Abdel Hameed , Derek Tam , Pascal Jr Tikeng Notsawo , Colin Raffel , Guillaume Rabusseau

Model merging is an efficient empowerment technique in the machine learning community that does not require the collection of raw training data and does not require expensive computation. As model merging becomes increasingly prevalent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Enneng Yang , Li Shen , Guibing Guo , Xingwei Wang , Xiaochun Cao , Jie Zhang , Dacheng Tao

Multi-task learning (MTL) leverages a shared model to accomplish multiple tasks and facilitate knowledge transfer. Recent research on task arithmetic-based MTL demonstrates that merging the parameters of independently fine-tuned models can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Li Shen , Anke Tang , Enneng Yang , Guibing Guo , Yong Luo , Lefei Zhang , Xiaochun Cao , Bo Du , Dacheng Tao

Model merging enables the reuse of fine-tuned models without joint training or access to original data. Dynamic merging further improves flexibility by selectively activating task-relevant parameters and efficiently composing experts across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Guodong Du , Wanyu Lin

Model merging has gained increasing attention due to its intriguing property: interpolating the parameters of different task-specific fine-tuned models leads to multi-task abilities. However, despite its empirical success, the underlying…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Zijun Chen , Zhanpeng Zhou , Bo Zhang , Weinan Zhang , Xi Sun , Junchi Yan

Model merging offers a training-free alternative to multi-task learning by combining independently fine-tuned models into a unified one without access to raw data. However, existing approaches often rely on heuristics to determine the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Chongjie Si , Kangtao Lv , Jingjing Jiang , Yadao Wang , Yongwei Wang , Xiaokang Yang , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng , Wei Shen

Foundation models update slowly due to resource-intensive training, whereas domain-specific models evolve rapidly between releases. Model merging seeks to combine multiple expert models into a single, more capable model, reducing storage…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Yongxian Wei , Runxi Cheng , Weike Jin , Enneng Yang , Li Shen , Lu Hou , Sinan Du , Chun Yuan , Xiaochun Cao , Dacheng Tao

Large-scale deep learning models with a pretraining-finetuning paradigm have led to a surge of numerous task-specific models fine-tuned from a common pre-trained model. Recently, several research efforts have been made on merging these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Yeoreum Lee , Jinwook Jung , Sungyong Baik

Fine-tuning pre-trained models on targeted datasets enhances task-specific performance but often comes at the expense of generalization. Model merging techniques, which integrate multiple fine-tuned models into a single multi-task model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Zitao Fang , Guodong DU , Shuyang Yu , Yifei Guo , Yiwei Zhang , Yiyao Cao , Jing Li , Ho-Kin Tang , Sim Kuan Goh

Model merging combines multiple fine-tuned checkpoints into a single model without additional training, offering an attractive approach to reusing models and efficiently improving performance. However, it remains unclear whether the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Oğuz Kağan Hitit , Leander Girrbach , Zeynep Akata

Model merging dramatically reduces storage and computational resources by combining multiple expert models into a single multi-task model. Although recent model merging methods have shown promising results, they struggle to maintain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Zijing Wang , Xingle Xu , Yongkang Liu , Yiqun Zhang , Peiqin Lin , Shi Feng , Xiaocui Yang , Daling Wang , Hinrich Schütze

Transfer learning - i.e., further fine-tuning a pre-trained model on a downstream task - can confer significant advantages, including improved downstream performance, faster convergence, and better sample efficiency. These advantages have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Prateek Yadav , Derek Tam , Leshem Choshen , Colin Raffel , Mohit Bansal

Model merging (e.g., via interpolation or task arithmetic) fuses multiple models trained on different tasks to generate a multi-task solution. The technique has been proven successful in previous studies, where the models are trained on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Yi-Lin Sung , Linjie Li , Kevin Lin , Zhe Gan , Mohit Bansal , Lijuan Wang

Mixing datasets for fine-tuning large models (LMs) has become critical for maximizing performance on downstream tasks. However, composing effective dataset mixtures typically relies on heuristics and trial-and-error, often requiring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Zhixu Silvia Tao , Kasper Vinken , Hao-Wei Yeh , Avi Cooper , Xavier Boix

Model merging has emerged as a cost-efficient approximation to multitask learning. Among merging strategies, task arithmetic is notable for its simplicity and effectiveness. In this work, we provide a theoretical motivation for task vectors…

Model merging, which combines multiple domain-specialized experts into a single model, offers a practical path to endow Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) with broad capabilities without the cost of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Dengming Zhang , Xiaowen Ma , Zhenliang Ni , Zhenkai Wu , Han Shu , Xin Jiang , Xinghao Chen

The recent success of specialized Large Language Models (LLMs) in domains such as mathematical reasoning and coding has led to growing interest in methods for merging these expert LLMs into a unified Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model, with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yuhang Zhou , Giannis Karamanolakis , Victor Soto , Anna Rumshisky , Mayank Kulkarni , Furong Huang , Wei Ai , Jianhua Lu

Model merging, particularly through weight averaging, has shown surprising effectiveness in saving computations and improving model performance without any additional training. However, the interpretability of why and how this technique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Hu Wang , Congbo Ma , Ibrahim Almakky , Ian Reid , Gustavo Carneiro , Mohammad Yaqub

Model merging aims to combine multiple expert models into a more capable single model, offering benefits such as reduced storage and serving costs, improved generalization, and support for decentralized model development. Despite its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Prateek Yadav , Tu Vu , Jonathan Lai , Alexandra Chronopoulou , Manaal Faruqui , Mohit Bansal , Tsendsuren Munkhdalai

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities across diverse natural language processing (NLP) tasks. The release of open-source LLMs like LLaMA and Qwen has triggered the development of numerous fine-tuned models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Zichuan Fu , Xian Wu , Yejing Wang , Wanyu Wang , Shanshan Ye , Hongzhi Yin , Yi Chang , Yefeng Zheng , Xiangyu Zhao