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Related papers: MultiOOD: Scaling Out-of-Distribution Detection fo…

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Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection, i.e., identifying whether an input is sampled from a novel distribution other than the training distribution, is a critical task for safely deploying machine learning systems in the open world. Recently,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Feng Xue , Zi He , Chuanlong Xie , Falong Tan , Zhenguo Li

The complex and dynamic real-world clinical environment demands reliable deep learning (DL) systems. Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection plays a critical role in enhancing the reliability and generalizability of DL models when encountering…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Jiangbei Yue , Darren Treanor , Venkataraman Subramanian , Sharib Ali

LiDAR-based 3D object detection has become an essential part of automated driving due to its ability to localize and classify objects precisely in 3D. However, object detectors face a critical challenge when dealing with unknown foreground…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Michael Kösel , Marcel Schreiber , Michael Ulrich , Claudius Gläser , Klaus Dietmayer

We study the problem of Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection, that is, detecting whether a learning algorithm's output can be trusted at inference time. While a number of tests for OOD detection have been proposed in prior work, a formal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-09-19 Akshayaa Magesh , Venugopal V. Veeravalli , Anirban Roy , Susmit Jha

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has attracted a large amount of attention from the machine learning research community in recent years due to its importance in deployed systems. Most of the previous studies focused on the detection of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Alon Zolfi , Guy Amit , Amit Baras , Satoru Koda , Ikuya Morikawa , Yuval Elovici , Asaf Shabtai

How can we automatically select an out-of-distribution (OOD) detection model for various underlying tasks? This is crucial for maintaining the reliability of open-world applications by identifying data distribution shifts, particularly in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Yuehan Qin , Yichi Zhang , Yi Nian , Xueying Ding , Yue Zhao

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for deploying robust and reliable machine-learning systems in open-world settings. Despite steady advances in OOD detectors, their interplay with modern training pipelines that maximize…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Gerhard Krumpl , Henning Avenhaus , Horst Possegger

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to detect test samples outside the training category space, which is an essential component in building reliable machine learning systems. Existing reviews on OOD detection primarily focus on method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Shuo Lu , Yingsheng Wang , Lijun Sheng , Lingxiao He , Aihua Zheng , Jian Liang

Accessing machine learning models through remote APIs has been gaining prevalence following the recent trend of scaling up model parameters for increased performance. Even though these models exhibit remarkable ability, detecting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Heeyoung Lee , Hoyoon Byun , Changdae Oh , JinYeong Bak , Kyungwoo Song

Prior research on out-of-distribution detection (OoDD) has primarily focused on single-modality models. Recently, with the advent of large-scale pretrained vision-language models such as CLIP, OoDD methods utilizing such multi-modal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Jeonghyeon Kim , Sangheum Hwang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, which maps high-dimensional data into a scalar OOD score, is critical for the reliable deployment of machine learning models. A key challenge in recent research is how to effectively leverage and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Claus Hofmann , Christian Huber , Bernhard Lehner , Daniel Klotz , Sepp Hochreiter , Werner Zellinger

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data is crucial in machine learning applications to mitigate the risk of model overconfidence, thereby enhancing the reliability and safety of deployed systems. The majority of existing OOD detection…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Christos Constantinou , Georgios Ioannides , Aman Chadha , Aaron Elkins , Edwin Simpson

Various approaches have been proposed for out-of-distribution (OOD) detection by augmenting models, input examples, training sets, and optimization objectives. Deviating from existing work, we have a simple hypothesis that standard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Xin Dong , Junfeng Guo , Ang Li , Wei-Te Ting , Cong Liu , H. T. Kung

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is essential for neural networks operating in open-world settings, particularly in safety-critical applications. Existing methods have improved OOD detection by leveraging two main techniques:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Lucas Rakotoarivony

The deployment of machine learning solutions in real-world scenarios often involves addressing the challenge of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection. While significant efforts have been devoted to OOD detection in classical supervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Loïc Le Bescond , Maria Vakalopoulou , Stergios Christodoulidis , Fabrice André , Hugues Talbot

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task that has garnered significant attention. The emergence of CLIP has spurred extensive research into zero-shot OOD detection, often employing a training-free approach. Current methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Haoran Xu , Yanlin Liu , Zizhao Tong , Jiaze Li , Kexue Fu , Yuyang Zhang , Longxiang Gao , Shuaiguang Li , Xingyu Li , Yanran Xu , Changwei Wang

Reliable out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is fundamental to implementing safer modern machine learning (ML) systems. In this paper, we introduce Igeood, an effective method for detecting OOD samples. Igeood applies to any pre-trained…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-16 Eduardo Dadalto Camara Gomes , Florence Alberge , Pierre Duhamel , Pablo Piantanida

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a task that detects OOD samples during inference to ensure the safety of deployed models. However, conventional benchmarks have reached performance saturation, making it difficult to compare recent OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Shiho Noda , Atsuyuki Miyai , Qing Yu , Go Irie , Kiyoharu Aizawa

This paper presents a novel evaluation framework for Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection that aims to assess the performance of machine learning models in more realistic settings. We observed that the real-world requirements for testing OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Vahid Reza Khazaie , Anthony Wong , Mohammad Sabokrou

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to identify test examples that do not belong to the training distribution and are thus unlikely to be predicted reliably. Despite a plethora of existing works, most of them focused only on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Reza Averly , Wei-Lun Chao