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Deep neural networks have been demonstrated to achieve phenomenal success in many domains, and yet their inner mechanisms are not well understood. In this paper, we investigate the curvature of image manifolds, i.e., the manifold deviation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Ilya Kaufman , Omri Azencot

This paper analyzes the convergence and generalization of training a one-hidden-layer neural network when the input features follow the Gaussian mixture model consisting of a finite number of Gaussian distributions. Assuming the labels are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-30 Hongkang Li , Shuai Zhang , Meng Wang

While diffusion models have emerged as a powerful class of generative models, their learning dynamics remain poorly understood. We address this issue first by empirically showing that standard diffusion models trained on natural images…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-21 Lorenzo Bardone , Claudia Merger , Sebastian Goldt

Training neural networks is an optimization problem, and finding a decent set of parameters through gradient descent can be a difficult task. A host of techniques has been developed to aid this process before and during the training phase.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Divya Gaur , Joachim Folz , Andreas Dengel

Deep neural networks are widely known for their remarkable effectiveness across various tasks, with the consensus that deeper networks implicitly learn more complex data representations. This paper shows that sufficiently deep networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Wojciech Masarczyk , Mateusz Ostaszewski , Ehsan Imani , Razvan Pascanu , Piotr Miłoś , Tomasz Trzciński

Many machine learning algorithms are based on the assumption that training examples are drawn independently. However, this assumption does not hold anymore when learning from a networked sample because two or more training examples may…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-06-06 Yuyi Wang , Jan Ramon , Zheng-Chu Guo

Neural networks have been shown to perform incredibly well in classification tasks over structured high-dimensional datasets. However, the learning dynamics of such networks is still poorly understood. In this paper we study in detail the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-01-12 Franco Pellegrini , Giulio Biroli

The primary objective of learning methods is generalization. Classic uniform generalization bounds, which rely on VC-dimension or Rademacher complexity, fail to explain the significant attribute that over-parameterized models in deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Lijia Yu , Yibo Miao , Yifan Zhu , Xiao-Shan Gao , Lijun Zhang

Training deep neural networks results in strong learned representations that show good generalization capabilities. In most cases, training involves iterative modification of all weights inside the network via back-propagation. In Extreme…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-06 Amir Rosenfeld , John K. Tsotsos

Deep learning has transformed computer vision, natural language processing, and speech recognition\cite{badrinarayanan2017segnet, dong2016image, ren2017faster, ji20133d}. However, two critical questions remain obscure: (1) why do deep…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-10-03 Jingwei Zhang , Tongliang Liu , Dacheng Tao

Understanding how large neural networks avoid memorizing training data is key to explaining their high generalization performance. To examine the structure of when and where memorization occurs in a deep network, we use a recently developed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Cory Stephenson , Suchismita Padhy , Abhinav Ganesh , Yue Hui , Hanlin Tang , SueYeon Chung

In spite of finite dimension ReLU neural networks being a consistent factor behind recent deep learning successes, a theory of feature learning in these models remains elusive. Currently, insightful theories still rely on assumptions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Devon Jarvis , Richard Klein , Benjamin Rosman , Andrew M. Saxe

It is often remarked that neural networks fail to increase their uncertainty when predicting on data far from the training distribution. Yet naively using softmax confidence as a proxy for uncertainty achieves modest success in tasks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Tim Pearce , Alexandra Brintrup , Jun Zhu

Convolutional networks are considered shift invariant, but it was demonstrated that their response may vary according to the exact location of the objects. In this paper we will demonstrate that most commonly investigated datasets have a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Gergely Szabo , Andras Horvath

Despite extensive studies, the underlying reason as to why overparameterized neural networks can generalize remains elusive. Existing theory shows that common stochastic optimizers prefer flatter minimizers of the training loss, and thus a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Kaiyue Wen , Zhiyuan Li , Tengyu Ma

Understanding generalization in overparameterized neural networks hinges on the interplay between the data geometry, neural architecture, and training dynamics. In this paper, we theoretically explore how data geometry controls this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-08 Tongtong Liang , Alexander Cloninger , Rahul Parhi , Yu-Xiang Wang

Network-based transfer learning allows the reuse of deep learning features with limited data, but the resulting models can be unnecessarily large. Although network pruning can improve inference efficiency, existing algorithms usually…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Ken C. L. Wong , Satyananda Kashyap , Mehdi Moradi

Understanding how feature learning affects generalization is among the foremost goals of modern deep learning theory. Here, we study how the ability to learn representations affects the generalization performance of a simple class of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Jacob A. Zavatone-Veth , William L. Tong , Cengiz Pehlevan

We develop a statistical mechanical approach based on the replica method to study the design space of deep and wide neural networks constrained to meet a large number of training data. Specifically, we analyze the configuration space of the…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2020-04-17 Hajime Yoshino

We show how the success of deep learning could depend not only on mathematics but also on physics: although well-known mathematical theorems guarantee that neural networks can approximate arbitrary functions well, the class of functions of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2017-09-13 Henry W. Lin , Max Tegmark , David Rolnick