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Despite classical statistical theory predicting severe overfitting, modern massively overparameterized neural networks still generalize well. This unexpected property is attributed to the network's so-called implicit bias, which describes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Justin Sahs , Ryan Pyle , Fabio Anselmi , Ankit Patel

Modern neural network architectures for large-scale learning tasks have substantially higher model complexities, which makes understanding, visualizing and training these architectures difficult. Recent contributions to deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Jayadeva , Himanshu Pant , Mayank Sharma , Abhimanyu Dubey , Sumit Soman , Suraj Tripathi , Sai Guruju , Nihal Goalla

Over-parameterized deep neural networks (DNNs) with sufficient capacity to memorize random noise can achieve excellent generalization performance, challenging the bias-variance trade-off in classical learning theory. Recent studies claimed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Xiao Zhang , Haoyi Xiong , Dongrui Wu

Empirical and theoretical works show that the input weights of two-layer neural networks, when initialized with small values, converge towards isolated orientations. This phenomenon, referred to as condensation, indicates that the gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Zheng-An Chen , Tao Luo

Deep neural networks (DNNs) generalize remarkably well without explicit regularization even in the strongly over-parametrized regime where classical learning theory would instead predict that they would severely overfit. While many…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-04-23 Guillermo Valle-Pérez , Chico Q. Camargo , Ard A. Louis

At the heart of machine learning lies the question of generalizability of learned rules over previously unseen data. While over-parameterized models based on neural networks are now ubiquitous in machine learning applications, our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Melikasadat Emami , Mojtaba Sahraee-Ardakan , Parthe Pandit , Sundeep Rangan , Alyson K. Fletcher

We study the effect of width on the dynamics of feature-learning neural networks across a variety of architectures and datasets. Early in training, wide neural networks trained on online data have not only identical loss curves but also…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Nikhil Vyas , Alexander Atanasov , Blake Bordelon , Depen Morwani , Sabarish Sainathan , Cengiz Pehlevan

The success of deep learning in high-dimensional settings is often attributed to the presence of low-dimensional structure in real-world data. While standard theoretical models typically assume that this structure lies in the target…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Elisabetta Cornacchia , Laurent Massoulié

Deep deraining networks consistently encounter substantial generalization issues when deployed in real-world applications, although they are successful in laboratory benchmarks. A prevailing perspective in deep learning encourages using…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Jinjin Gu , Xianzheng Ma , Xiangtao Kong , Yu Qiao , Chao Dong

Deep neural networks are widely used prediction algorithms whose performance often improves as the number of weights increases, leading to over-parametrization. We consider a two-layered neural network whose first layer is frozen while the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Roman Worschech , Bernd Rosenow

Epoch-wise double descent is the phenomenon where generalisation performance improves beyond the point of overfitting, resulting in a generalisation curve exhibiting two descents under the course of learning. Understanding the mechanisms…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-20 Amanda Olmin , Fredrik Lindsten

A leading hypothesis for the surprising generalization of neural networks is that the dynamics of gradient descent bias the model towards simple solutions, by searching through the solution space in an incremental order of complexity. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Daniel Gissin , Shai Shalev-Shwartz , Amit Daniely

One of the central questions in the theory of deep learning is to understand how neural networks learn hierarchical features. The ability of deep networks to extract salient features is crucial to both their outstanding generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Eshaan Nichani , Alex Damian , Jason D. Lee

The recent success of neural network models has shone light on a rather surprising statistical phenomenon: statistical models that perfectly fit noisy data can generalize well to unseen test data. Understanding this phenomenon of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-13 Niladri S. Chatterji , Philip M. Long , Peter L. Bartlett

Deep neural networks are renowned for their ability to generalise well across diverse tasks, even when heavily overparameterized. Existing works offer only partial explanations (for example, the NTK-based task-model alignment explanation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Chris Mingard , Lukas Seier , Niclas Göring , Andrei-Vlad Badelita , Charles London , Ard Louis

A key challenge in building theoretical foundations for deep learning is the complex optimization dynamics of neural networks, resulting from the high-dimensional interactions between the large number of network parameters. Such non-trivial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Mohammad Pezeshki , Amartya Mitra , Yoshua Bengio , Guillaume Lajoie

While diffusion models generate high-quality images via probability flow, the theoretical understanding of this process remains incomplete. A key question is when probability flow converges to training samples or more general points on the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-25 Chen Zeno , Hila Manor , Greg Ongie , Nir Weinberger , Tomer Michaeli , Daniel Soudry

Stochastic gradient descent with a large initial learning rate is widely used for training modern neural net architectures. Although a small initial learning rate allows for faster training and better test performance initially, the large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Yuanzhi Li , Colin Wei , Tengyu Ma

In this work, we provide a characterization of the feature-learning process in two-layer ReLU networks trained by gradient descent on the logistic loss following random initialization. We consider data with binary labels that are generated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Spencer Frei , Niladri S. Chatterji , Peter L. Bartlett

We draw connections between simple neural networks and under-determined linear systems to comprehensively explore several interesting theoretical questions in the study of neural networks. First, we emphatically show that it is unsurprising…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-11-02 Austin R. Benson , Anil Damle , Alex Townsend