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Fluctuations of the excess heat in an out of equilibrium steady state are experimentally investigated in two stochastic systems : an electric circuit with an imposed mean current and a harmonic oscillator driven out of equilibrium by a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-13 Sylvain Joubaud , Nicolas Garnier , Sergio Ciliberto

A general nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory is developed for time-dependent Langevin dynamics, starting from the common definition of nonequilibrium Gibbs entropy. It is shown that the notations appearing in the First and the Second Law…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-04-15 Hao Ge

Nonreciprocal interactions that violate Newton's law 'actio=reactio' are ubiquitous in nature and are currently intensively investigated in active matter, chemical reaction networks, population dynamics, and many other fields. An…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-02-24 Atul Tanaji Mohite , Heiko Rieger

This is a brief review of recently derived relations describing the behaviour of systems far from equilibrium. They include the Fluctuation Theorem, Jarzynski's and Crooks' equalities, and an extended form of the Second Principle for…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-11 Jorge Kurchan

In this report I discuss fluctuation theorems and transient violations of the second law of thermodynamics in small systems. Special emphasis is placed on free-energy recovery methods in the framework of non-equilibrium single-molecule…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-24 F. Ritort

Understanding thermodynamics far from equilibrium at the quantum scale remains a fundamental challenge, particularly in the presence of quantum coherence. Here we develop a first-principles framework for nonequilibrium quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-11 Md Manirul Ali , Po-Wen Chen

A fluctuation relation for heat engines (FRHE) has been derived recently. In the beginning, the system is in contact with the cooler bath. The system is then coupled to the hotter bath and external parameters are changed cyclically,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-05 Sourabh Lahiri , Shubhashis Rana , A. M. Jayannavar

The controversial existence of negative temperatures has stirred interesting debates that have reached the foundations of thermodynamics, including questions on the second law, the Carnot efficiency and the statistical definition of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-06-26 Salvatore Calabrese , Amilcare Porporato

Firstly the fluctuation theorems (FT) for expended work in a driven nonequilibrium system, isolated or thermostatted, together with the ensuing Jarzynski work-energy (W-E) relationships, will be discussed and reobtained. Secondly, the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-10-31 Carolyne M. Van Vliet

We prove the Jarzynski relation for general stochastic processes including non-Markovian systems with memory. The only requirement for our proof is the existence of a stationary state, therefore excluding non-ergodic systems. We then show…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-09-27 Thomas Speck , Udo Seifert

We study stochastic thermodynamics of over-damped Brownian motion in a flowing fluid. Unlike some previous works, we treat the effects of the flow field as a non-conservational driving force acting on the Brownian particle. This allows us…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-04-23 Jun Wu , Mingnan Ding , Xiangjun Xing

Thermodynamics is commonly presented as a theory of macroscopic systems in stable equilibrium, built upon assumptions of extensivity and scaling with system size. In this paper, we present a universal formulation of the elementary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-26 Gian Paolo Beretta

We investigate thermodynamics of general nonequilibrium processes stopped at stochastic times. We propose a systematic strategy for constructing fluctuation-theorem-like martingales for each thermodynamic functional, yielding a family of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-06-02 Haoran Yang , Hao Ge

We discuss the thermodynamics of closed quantum systems driven out of equilibrium by a change in a control parameter and undergoing a unitary process. We compare the work actually done on the system with the one that would be performed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-01-20 F. Plastina , A. Alecce , T. J. G. Apollaro , G. Falcone , G. Francica , F. Galve , N. Lo Gullo , R. Zambrini

We investigate the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics, in the cosmological scenario where dark energy interacts with both dark matter and radiation. Calculating separately the entropy variation for each fluid component…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2010-07-20 Mubasher Jamil , Emmanuel N. Saridakis , M. R. Setare

In a macroscopic (quantum or classical) Hamiltonian system, we prove the second law of thermodynamics in the forms of the minimum work principle and the law of entropy increase, under the assumption that the initial state is described by a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 Hal Tasaki

We discuss the validity of close-to-equilibrium entropy production principles in the context of linear electrical circuits. Both the minimum and the maximum entropy production principle are understood within dynamical fluctuation theory.…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-05-14 Stijn Bruers , Christian Maes , Karel Netocny

The validity of the Second Law of thermodynamics, indisputable in the macroscopic world, is challenged at the mesoscopic level: a mesoscopic isolated system, possessing spatial dimensions of the order of a few microns, is capable, as shown…

Classical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 B. Crosignani , P. Di Porto , C. Conti

We consider a system of two Brownian particles (say A and B), coupled to each other via harmonic potential of stiffness constant $k$. Particle-A is connected to two heat baths of constant temperatures $T_1$ and $T_2$, and particle-B is…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-07-04 Deepak Gupta , Sanjib Sabhapandit

A colloidal particle immersed in a bath of bacteria is a typical example of a passive particle in an active bath. To model this, we take an overdamped harmonically trapped particle subjected to a thermal and a non-equilibrium noise arising…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-08-02 Subhasish Chaki , Rajarshi Chakrabarti