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Despite significant progress in natural language understanding, Large Language Models (LLMs) remain error-prone when performing logical reasoning, often lacking the robust mental representations that enable human-like comprehension. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-05 François Olivier , Zied Bouraoui

Question answering (QA) systems are among the most important and rapidly developing research topics in natural language processing (NLP). A reason, therefore, is that a QA system allows humans to interact more naturally with a machine,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Amer Farea , Zhen Yang , Kien Duong , Nadeesha Perera , Frank Emmert-Streib

Interpretability of machine learning (ML) models becomes more relevant with their increasing adoption. In this work, we address the interpretability of ML based question answering (QA) models on a combination of knowledge bases (KB) and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-27 Alona Sydorova , Nina Poerner , Benjamin Roth

Recently, directly using large language models (LLMs) has been shown to be the most reliable method to evaluate QA models. However, it suffers from limited interpretability, high cost, and environmental harm. To address these, we propose to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Dongryeol Lee , Minwoo Lee , Kyungmin Min , Joonsuk Park , Kyomin Jung

Pre-trained language models learn informative word representations on a large-scale text corpus through self-supervised learning, which has achieved promising performance in fields of natural language processing (NLP) after fine-tuning.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Jian Yang , Xinyu Hu , Gang Xiao , Yulong Shen

Word embeddings are substantially successful in capturing semantic relations among words. However, these lexical semantics are difficult to be interpreted. Definition modeling provides a more intuitive way to evaluate embeddings by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Haitong Zhang , Yongping Du , Jiaxin Sun , Qingxiao Li

Large language models (LLMs) trained purely on text ostensibly lack any direct perceptual experience, yet their internal representations are implicitly shaped by multimodal regularities encoded in language. We test the hypothesis that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Sophie L. Wang , Phillip Isola , Brian Cheung

Pre-trained deep learning embeddings have consistently shown superior performance over handcrafted acoustic features in speech emotion recognition (SER). However, unlike acoustic features with clear physical meaning, these embeddings lack…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Satvik Dixit , Daniel M. Low , Gasser Elbanna , Fabio Catania , Satrajit S. Ghosh

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance across many NLP tasks, their opaque internal mechanisms hinder trustworthiness and safe deployment. Existing surveys in explainable AI largely focus on post-hoc explanation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yutong Gao , Qinglin Meng , Yuan Zhou , Liangming Pan

We propose a new kind of embedding for natural language text that deeply represents semantic meaning. Standard text embeddings use the outputs from hidden layers of a pretrained language model. In our method, we let a language model learn…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Oleg Vasilyev , John Bohannon

Recent techniques in Question Answering (QA) have gained remarkable performance improvement with some QA models even surpassed human performance. However, the ability of these models in truly understanding the language still remains dubious…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Weiwen Xu , Bowei Zou , Wai Lam , Ai Ti Aw

Large Language Models (LLMs) are evolving to integrate multiple modalities, such as text, image, and audio into a unified linguistic space. We envision a future direction based on this framework where conceptual entities defined in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Eren Unlu , Unver Ciftci

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable abilities in text comprehension and logical reasoning, indicating that the text representations learned by LLMs can facilitate their language processing capabilities. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Yuqi Ren , Renren Jin , Tongxuan Zhang , Deyi Xiong

Multilingual pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) are incredibly effective at Question Answering (QA), a core task in Natural Language Understanding, achieving high accuracies on several multilingual benchmarks. However, little is known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Yahan Yang , Soham Dan , Dan Roth , Insup Lee

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across various domains, but effectively incorporating complex and potentially noisy user timeline data into LLMs remains a challenge. Current approaches often involve translating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Lin Ning , Luyang Liu , Jiaxing Wu , Neo Wu , Devora Berlowitz , Sushant Prakash , Bradley Green , Shawn O'Banion , Jun Xie

Understanding the locus of semantic representation in large language models (LLMs) is crucial for interpretability and architectural innovation. The dominant paradigm posits that trainable input embeddings serve as foundational "meaning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 A. Bochkov

Question answering plays a pivotal role in human daily life because it involves our acquisition of knowledge about the world. However, due to the dynamic and ever-changing nature of real-world facts, the answer can be completely different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Xinyu Zhu , Cheng Yang , Bei Chen , Siheng Li , Jian-Guang Lou , Yujiu Yang

We explore the effectiveness of an LLM-guided query refinement paradigm for extending the usability of embedding models to challenging zero-shot search and classification tasks. Our approach refines the embedding representation of a user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Ariel Gera , Shir Ashury-Tahan , Gal Bloch , Ohad Eytan , Assaf Toledo

How related are the representations learned by neural language models, translation models, and language tagging tasks? We answer this question by adapting an encoder-decoder transfer learning method from computer vision to investigate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Richard Antonello , Javier Turek , Vy Vo , Alexander Huth

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance on diverse benchmarks, yet existing evaluation practices largely rely on coarse summary metrics that obscure underlying reasoning abilities. In this work, we propose novel…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-17 Jia Liu , Zhiyu Xu , Yuqi Gu