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The best performing Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) are usually attained using Adam optimization and its multi-step training variants. However, to the best of our knowledge, few studies explore the fundamental reasons why Adam is superior to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Zechun Liu , Zhiqiang Shen , Shichao Li , Koen Helwegen , Dong Huang , Kwang-Ting Cheng

The adaptive moment estimation (Adam) optimizer proposed by Kingma & Ba (2014) is presumably the most popular stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization method for the training of deep neural networks (DNNs) in artificial intelligence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Steffen Dereich , Thang Do , Arnulf Jentzen

The success of deep learning can be attributed to various factors such as increase in computational power, large datasets, deep convolutional neural networks, optimizers etc. Particularly, the choice of optimizer affects the generalization,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Anirudh Maiya , Inumella Sricharan , Anshuman Pandey , Srinivas K. S

We present a novel adaptive optimization algorithm for large-scale machine learning problems. Equipped with a low-cost estimate of local curvature and Lipschitz smoothness, our method dynamically adapts the search direction and step-size.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Majid Jahani , Sergey Rusakov , Zheng Shi , Peter Richtárik , Michael W. Mahoney , Martin Takáč

Deep neural networks are easily fooled by small perturbations known as adversarial attacks. Adversarial Training (AT) is a technique aimed at learning features robust to such attacks and is widely regarded as a very effective defense.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-11 Theodoros Tsiligkaridis , Jay Roberts

Training deep neural networks (DNNs) used in modern machine learning is computationally expensive. Machine learning scientists, therefore, rely on stochastic first-order methods for training, coupled with significant hand-tuning, to obtain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-24 Eric Silk , Swarnita Chakraborty , Nairanjana Dasgupta , Anand D. Sarwate , Andrew Lumsdaine , Tony Chiang

Dropout and other feature noising schemes control overfitting by artificially corrupting the training data. For generalized linear models, dropout performs a form of adaptive regularization. Using this viewpoint, we show that the dropout…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2013-11-04 Stefan Wager , Sida Wang , Percy Liang

Neural fields encode continuous multidimensional signals as neural networks, enabling diverse applications in computer vision, robotics, and geometry. While Adam is effective for stochastic optimization, it often requires long training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Shin-Fang Chng , Hemanth Saratchandran , Simon Lucey

Adaptive gradient algorithms perform gradient-based updates using the history of gradients and are ubiquitous in training deep neural networks. While adaptive gradient methods theory is well understood for minimization problems, the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-12-29 Mingrui Liu , Youssef Mroueh , Jerret Ross , Wei Zhang , Xiaodong Cui , Payel Das , Tianbao Yang

We propose a new per-layer adaptive step-size procedure for stochastic first-order optimization methods for minimizing empirical loss functions in deep learning, eliminating the need for the user to tune the learning rate (LR). The proposed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Achraf Bahamou , Donald Goldfarb

We introduce a new second-order inertial optimization method for machine learning called INNA. It exploits the geometry of the loss function while only requiring stochastic approximations of the function values and the generalized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Camille Castera , Jérôme Bolte , Cédric Févotte , Edouard Pauwels

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and its many variants are the widespread optimization algorithms for training deep neural networks. However, SGD suffers from inevitable drawbacks, including vanishing gradients, lack of theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Zeinab Ebrahimi , Gustavo Batista , Mohammad Deghat

Recently, optimizers that explicitly treat weights as matrices, rather than flattened vectors, have demonstrated their effectiveness. This perspective naturally leads to structured approximations of the Fisher matrix as preconditioners,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Nikolay Yudin , Ekaterina Grishina , Andrey Veprikov , Alexandr Beznosikov , Maxim Rakhuba

Training deep neural networks is challenging. To accelerate training and enhance performance, we propose PadamP, a novel optimization algorithm. PadamP is derived by applying the adaptive estimation of the p-th power of the second-order…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-14 Yongqi Li , Xiaowei Zhang

Due to the nonlinear nature of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), one can not guarantee convergence to a unique global minimum of the loss when using optimizers relying only on local information, such as SGD. Indeed, this was a primary source of…

Differentially private (DP) training protects individual examples by adding noise to gradients, but the injected noise interacts nontrivially with adaptive optimizers. Recent DP methods temporally filter privatized gradients to reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Duc Dm , Thao Do , Minh Son Hoang , Anh Le Duc Tran , Daeyoung Kim , Huy Nguyen

Adaptive optimization methods, which perform local optimization with a metric constructed from the history of iterates, are becoming increasingly popular for training deep neural networks. Examples include AdaGrad, RMSProp, and Adam. We…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-05-23 Ashia C. Wilson , Rebecca Roelofs , Mitchell Stern , Nathan Srebro , Benjamin Recht

In this paper, we propose a new first-order gradient-based algorithm to train deep neural networks. We first introduce the sign operation of stochastic gradients (as in sign-based methods, e.g., SIGN-SGD) into ADAM, which is called as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Dong Wang , Yicheng Liu , Wenwo Tang , Fanhua Shang , Hongying Liu , Qigong Sun , Licheng Jiao

The Adam optimizer, often used in Machine Learning for neural network training, corresponds to an underlying ordinary differential equation (ODE) in the limit of very small learning rates. This work shows that the classical Adam algorithm…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Abhinab Bhattacharjee , Andrey A. Popov , Arash Sarshar , Adrian Sandu

In several recently proposed stochastic optimization methods (e.g. RMSProp, Adam, Adadelta), parameter updates are scaled by the inverse square roots of exponential moving averages of squared past gradients. Maintaining these per-parameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-13 Noam Shazeer , Mitchell Stern