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Tool learning enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to interact with external environments by invoking tools, serving as an effective strategy to mitigate the limitations inherent in their pre-training data. In this process, tool…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Changle Qu , Sunhao Dai , Xiaochi Wei , Hengyi Cai , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Jun Xu , Ji-Rong Wen

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated extraordinary capabilities in many domains, they still have a tendency to hallucinate and generate fictitious responses to user requests. This problem can be alleviated by augmenting…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Jiongnan Liu , Jiajie Jin , Zihan Wang , Jiehan Cheng , Zhicheng Dou , Ji-Rong Wen

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) integrated with external tools and APIs have successfully addressed complex tasks by using in-context learning or fine-tuning. Despite this progress, the vast scale of tool retrieval…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Yuxiang Zhang , Xin Fan , Junjie Wang , Chongxian Chen , Fan Mo , Tetsuya Sakai , Hayato Yamana

In addition to relevance, diversity is an important yet less studied performance metric of cross-modal image retrieval systems, which is critical to user experience. Existing solutions for diversity-aware image retrieval either explicitly…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Minyi Zhao , Jinpeng Wang , Dongliang Liao , Yiru Wang , Huanzhong Duan , Shuigeng Zhou

Recently, tool learning with large language models (LLMs) has emerged as a promising paradigm for augmenting the capabilities of LLMs to tackle highly complex problems. Despite growing attention and rapid advancements in this field, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Changle Qu , Sunhao Dai , Xiaochi Wei , Hengyi Cai , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Jun Xu , Ji-Rong Wen

This paper evaluates the performance of a large language model (LLM) based semantic search tool relative to a traditional keyword-based search for data discovery. Using real-world search behaviour, we compare outputs from a bespoke semantic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Mark Green , Maura Halstead , Caroline Jay , Richard Kingston , Alex Singleton , David Topping

Augmenting large language models (LLMs) with external tools has emerged as a promising approach to extend their utility, enabling them to solve practical tasks. Previous methods manually parse tool documentation and create in-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Zhengliang Shi , Shen Gao , Lingyong Yan , Yue Feng , Xiuyi Chen , Zhumin Chen , Dawei Yin , Suzan Verberne , Zhaochun Ren

Large reasoning models (LRMs) like OpenAI-o1 have shown impressive capabilities in natural language reasoning. However, these models frequently demonstrate inefficiencies or inaccuracies when tackling complex mathematical operations. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Chengpeng Li , Zhengyang Tang , Ziniu Li , Mingfeng Xue , Keqin Bao , Tian Ding , Ruoyu Sun , Benyou Wang , Xiang Wang , Junyang Lin , Dayiheng Liu

Tool calling has become increasingly popular for Large Language Models (LLMs). However, for large tool sets, the resulting tokens would exceed the LLM's context window limit, making it impossible to include every tool. Hence, an external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Saptarshi Sengupta , Zhengyu Zhou , Jun Araki , Xingbo Wang , Bingqing Wang , Suhang Wang , Zhe Feng

Recent studies have highlighted the significant potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) as zero-shot relevance rankers. These methods predominantly utilize prompt learning to assess the relevance between queries and documents by…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Dezhi Ye , Junwei Hu , Jiabin Fan , Bowen Tian , Jie Liu , Haijin Liang , Jin Ma

We present ControlLLM, a novel framework that enables large language models (LLMs) to utilize multi-modal tools for solving complex real-world tasks. Despite the remarkable performance of LLMs, they still struggle with tool invocation due…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Zhaoyang Liu , Zeqiang Lai , Zhangwei Gao , Erfei Cui , Ziheng Li , Xizhou Zhu , Lewei Lu , Qifeng Chen , Yu Qiao , Jifeng Dai , Wenhai Wang

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has brought substantial attention to the Chain of Thought (CoT) approach, primarily due to its ability to enhance the capability of LLMs on complex reasoning tasks. Moreover, the significance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Bingshuai Liu , Chenyang Lyu , Zijun Min , Zhanyu Wang , Jinsong Su , Longyue Wang

Obtaining a single-vector representation from a Large Language Model's (LLM) token-level outputs is a critical step for nearly all sentence-level tasks. However, standard pooling methods like mean or max aggregation treat tokens as an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Krishna Sri Ipsit Mantri , Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb , Zorah Lähner , Moshe Eliasof

We present Natural Language Tools (NLT), a framework that replaces programmatic JSON tool calling in large language models (LLMs) with natural language outputs. By decoupling tool selection from response generation, NLT eliminates task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Reid T. Johnson , Michelle D. Pain , Jordan D. West

Large Language Models (LLMs) enhance their problem-solving capability by utilizing external tools. However, in open-world scenarios with massive and evolving tool repositories, existing methods relying on static embedding retrieval or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Shouzheng Huang , Meishan Zhang , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

Solving mathematical problems using computer-verifiable languages like Lean has significantly impacted the mathematical and computer science communities. State-of-the-art methods utilize a single Large Language Model (LLM) to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Ruida Wang , Rui Pan , Yuxin Li , Jipeng Zhang , Yizhen Jia , Shizhe Diao , Renjie Pi , Junjie Hu , Tong Zhang

Achieving consistent high-quality machine translation (MT) across diverse domains remains a significant challenge, primarily due to the limited and imbalanced parallel training data available in various domains. While large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Tianxiang Hu , Pei Zhang , Baosong Yang , Jun Xie , Derek F. Wong , Rui Wang

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities across diverse tasks, yet aligning them efficiently and effectively with human expectations remains a critical challenge. This thesis advances LLM alignment by introducing novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Yuxin Jiang

Large language models (LLMs) are often augmented with tools to solve complex tasks. By generating code snippets and executing them through task-specific Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), they can offload certain functions to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Lifan Yuan , Yangyi Chen , Xingyao Wang , Yi R. Fung , Hao Peng , Heng Ji

The long-tail recommendation is a challenging task for traditional recommender systems, due to data sparsity and data imbalance issues. The recent development of large language models (LLMs) has shown their abilities in complex reasoning,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Junda Wu , Cheng-Chun Chang , Tong Yu , Zhankui He , Jianing Wang , Yupeng Hou , Julian McAuley