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Randomized benchmarking (RB) is the most commonly employed protocol for the characterization of unitary operations in quantum circuits due to its reasonable experimental requirements and robustness against state preparation and measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-15 Mirko Arienzo , Dmitry Grinko , Martin Kliesch , Markus Heinrich

Among the most popular and well studied quantum characterization, verification and validation techniques is randomized benchmarking (RB), an important statistical tool used to characterize the performance of physical logic operations useful…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-01 Harrison Ball , Thomas M. Stace , Steven T. Flammia , Michael J. Biercuk

Randomized benchmarking (RB) protocols are standard tools for characterizing quantum devices. Prior analyses of RB protocols have not provided a complete method for analyzing realistic data, resulting in a variety of ad-hoc methods. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-02 Ian Hincks , Joel J. Wallman , Chris Ferrie , Chris Granade , David G. Cory

Current development in programmable analogue quantum simulators (AQS), whose physical implementation can be realised in the near-term compared to those of large-scale digital quantum computers, highlights the need for robust testing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-10 Ellen Derbyshire , Jorge Yago Malo , Andrew Daley , Elham Kashefi , Petros Wallden

Noise characterization methods such as randomized benchmarking (RB) are critical for the development of scalable quantum computers. Modern RB protocols for multiqubit systems extract physically relevant error rates by exploiting the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-15 Yale Fan , Riley Murray , Thaddeus D. Ladd , Kevin Young , Robin Blume-Kohout

Distributed quantum sensing leverages quantum correlations among multiple sensors to enhance the precision of parameter estimation beyond classical limits. Most existing approaches target phase estimation and rely on a shared phase…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-04 Piotr T. Grochowski , Matteo Fadel , Radim Filip

We describe a simple randomized benchmarking protocol for quantum information processors and obtain a sequence of models for the observable fidelity decay as a function of a perturbative expansion of the errors. We are able to prove that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-06-14 Easwar Magesan , J. M. Gambetta , Joseph Emerson

Accurate noise characterization in quantum gates and circuits is vital for the development of reliable quantum simulations for chemically relevant systems and fault-tolerant quantum computing. This paper reviews a variety of key…

Randomized benchmarking is a promising tool for characterizing the noise in experimental implementations of quantum systems. In this paper, we prove that the estimates produced by randomized benchmarking (both standard and interleaved) for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-18 Joel J. Wallman , Steven T. Flammia

Randomized benchmarking (RB) refers to a collection of protocols that in the past decade have become central methods for characterizing quantum gates. These protocols aim at efficiently estimating the quality of a set of quantum gates in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-20 Jonas Helsen , Ingo Roth , Emilio Onorati , Albert H. Werner , Jens Eisert

Estimating the features of noise is the first step in a chain of protocols that will someday lead to fault tolerant quantum computers. The randomized benchmarking (RB) protocol is designed with this exact mindset, estimating the average…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-15 Pedro Figueroa-Romero , Kavan Modi , Thomas M. Stace , Min-Hsiu Hsieh

Randomized benchmarking and variants thereof, which we collectively call RB+, are widely used to characterize the performance of quantum computers because they are simple, scalable, and robust to state-preparation and measurement errors.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-05 Robin Harper , Ian Hincks , Chris Ferrie , Steven T. Flammia , Joel J. Wallman

Randomized benchmarking (RB) is an efficient and robust method to characterize gate errors in quantum circuits. Averaging over random sequences of gates leads to estimates of gate errors in terms of the average fidelity. These estimates are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-11 Jonas Helsen , Joel J. Wallman , Steven T. Flammia , Stephanie Wehner

In this paper, we analyze the performance of randomized benchmarking protocols on gate sets under a variety of realistic error models that include systematic rotations, amplitude damping, leakage to higher levels, and 1/f noise. We find…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-07-08 Jeffrey M. Epstein , Andrew W. Cross , Easwar Magesan , Jay M. Gambetta

The development of fault-tolerant quantum processors relies on the ability to control noise. A particularly insidious form of noise is temporally correlated or non-Markovian noise. By combining randomized benchmarking with supervised…

While fundamental scientific researchers are eagerly anticipating the breakthroughs of quantum computing both in theory and technology, the current quantum computer, i.e. noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computer encounters a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-28 Xudan Chai , Yanwu Gu , Weifeng Zhuang , Peng Qian , Xiao Xiao , Dong E Liu

Bosonic quantum error-correcting codes offer a viable direction towards reducing the hardware overhead required for fault-tolerant quantum information processing. A broad class of bosonic codes, namely rotation-symmetric codes, can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-17 Timo Hillmann , Fernando Quijandría , Arne L. Grimsmo , Giulia Ferrini

Characterization of experimental systems is an essential step in developing and improving quantum hardware. A collection of protocols known as Randomized Benchmarking (RB) was developed in the past decade, which provides an efficient way to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-22 Linghang Kong

Recent work has demonstrated that high-threshold quantum error correction is possible for biased-noise qubits, provided one can implement a controlled-not (CX) gate that preserves the bias. Bias-preserving CX gates have been proposed for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-01 Jahan Claes , Shruti Puri

Various noise models have been developed in quantum computing study to describe the propagation and effect of the noise which is caused by imperfect implementation of hardware. Identifying parameters such as gate and readout error rates are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-08 Muqing Zheng , Ang Li , Tamás Terlaky , Xiu Yang
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