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In this paper, we present a practical solution to implement privacy-preserving CNN training based on mere Homomorphic Encryption (HE) technique. To our best knowledge, this is the first attempt successfully to crack this nut and no work…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-16 John Chiang

We show the existence of a deep neural network capable of approximating a wide class of high-dimensional approximations. The construction of the proposed neural network is based on a quasi-optimal polynomial approximation. We show that this…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-12-09 Joseph Daws , Clayton Webster

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) imposes substantial memory bandwidth demands, presenting significant challenges for efficient hardware acceleration. Near-memory Processing (NMP) has emerged as a promising architectural solution to…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Shangyi Shi , Husheng Han , Jianan Mu , Xinyao Zheng , Ling Liang , Hang Lu , Zidong Du , Xiaowei Li , Xing Hu , Qi Guo

Neural networks have shown significant potential in solving partial differential equations (PDEs). While deep networks are capable of approximating complex functions, direct one-shot training often faces limitations in both accuracy and…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-03-10 Mingxing Weng , Zhiping Mao , Jie Shen

Many applications require the calculation of integrals of multidimensional functions. A general and popular procedure is to estimate integrals by averaging multiple evaluations of the function. Often, each evaluation of the function entails…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-31 Kartic Subr

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) refers to a set of encryption schemes that allow computations to be applied directly on encrypted data without requiring a secret key. This enables novel application scenarios where a client can safely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-02 Roshan Dathathri , Olli Saarikivi , Hao Chen , Kim Laine , Kristin Lauter , Saeed Maleki , Madanlal Musuvathi , Todd Mytkowicz

This study concentrates on preserving privacy in a network of agents where each agent seeks to evaluate a general polynomial function over the private values of her immediate neighbors. We provide an algorithm for the exact evaluation of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Teimour Hosseinalizadeh , Fatih Turkmen , Nima Monshizadeh

Homomorphic encryption (HE) and secret sharing (SS) enable computations on encrypted data, providing significant privacy benefits for large transformer-based models (TBM) in sensitive sectors like medicine and finance. However, private TBM…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Yuntian Chen , Zhanyong Tang , Tianpei Lu , Bingsheng Zhang , Zhiying Shi , Zheng Wang

In this paper, we present the demonstration of training a four-layer neural network entirely using fully homomorphic encryption (FHE), supporting both single-output and multi-output classification tasks in a non-interactive setting. A key…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-18 John Chiang

Secure two-party computation with homomorphic encryption (HE) protects data privacy with a formal security guarantee but suffers from high communication overhead. While previous works, e.g., Cheetah, Iron, etc, have proposed efficient…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Tianshi Xu , Meng Li , Runsheng Wang

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) enables an entity to perform arbitrary computation on encrypted data without decrypting the ciphertexts. An ongoing group-theoretical approach to construct an FHE scheme uses a certain "compression"…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-07-04 Koji Nuida

As machine learning (ML) models become increasingly deployed through cloud infrastructures, the confidentiality of user data during inference poses a significant security challenge. Homomorphic Encryption (HE) has emerged as a compelling…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Tejaswini Bollikonda

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) allows arbitrarily complex computations on encrypted data without ever needing to decrypt it, thus enabling us to maintain data privacy on third-party systems. Unfortunately, sustaining deep computations…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Leo de Castro , Rashmi Agrawal , Rabia Yazicigil , Anantha Chandrakasan , Vinod Vaikuntanathan , Chiraag Juvekar , Ajay Joshi

Universal approximation theory offers a foundational framework to verify neural network expressiveness, enabling principled utilization in real-world applications. However, most existing theoretical constructions are established by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 ZeYu Li , ShiJun Zhang , TieYong Zeng , FengLei Fan

Homomorphic encryption is a powerful cryptographic tool that enables secure computations on the private data. It evaluates any function for any operation securely on the encrypted data without knowing its corresponding plaintext. For…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Giovanni Giuseppe Grimaldi

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is one of the most promising technologies for privacy protection as it allows an arbitrary number of function computations over encrypted data. However, the computational cost of these FHE systems limits…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Toufique Morshed , Md Momin Al Aziz , Noman Mohammed

The growth of Graph Convolution Network (GCN) model sizes has revolutionized numerous applications, surpassing human performance in areas such as personal healthcare and financial systems. The deployment of GCNs in the cloud raises privacy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Hongwu Peng , Ran Ran , Yukui Luo , Jiahui Zhao , Shaoyi Huang , Kiran Thorat , Tong Geng , Chenghong Wang , Xiaolin Xu , Wujie Wen , Caiwen Ding

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) has recently attracted significant attention as both a cryptographic primitive and a systems challenge. Given the latest advances in accelerated computing, FHE presents a promising opportunity for…

Over the past few years, a tremendous growth of machine learning was brought about by a significant increase in adoption and implementation of cloud-based services. As a result, various solutions have been proposed in which the machine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Tanveer Khan , Antonis Michalas

Since the first theoretically feasible full homomorphic encryption (FHE) scheme was proposed in 2009, great progress has been achieved. These improvements have made FHE schemes come off the paper and become quite useful in solving some…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Yuqi Guo , Lin Li , Zhongxiang Zheng , Hanrui Yun , Ruoyan Zhang , Xiaolin Chang , Zhixuan Gao