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Recent advances in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in integrating vision and language for complex reasoning. While most existing benchmarks evaluate models under offline settings with a fixed set…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jingli Lin , Chenming Zhu , Runsen Xu , Xiaohan Mao , Xihui Liu , Tai Wang , Jiangmiao Pang

Recent advancements in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have enabled complex reasoning. However, existing remote sensing (RS) benchmarks remain heavily biased toward perception tasks, such as object recognition and scene…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zhiming Luo , Di Wang , Haonan Guo , Jing Zhang , Bo Du

Human processes video reasoning in a sequential spatio-temporal reasoning logic, we first identify the relevant frames ("when") and then analyse the spatial relationships ("where") between key objects, and finally leverage these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Zixu Cheng , Jian Hu , Ziquan Liu , Chenyang Si , Wei Li , Shaogang Gong

Large language models (LLMs) perform well on step-by-step reasoning benchmarks such as mathematics and code generation, yet their ability to carry out robust long-horizon planning under realistic constraints remains insufficiently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Petr Anokhin , Roman Khalikov , Stefan Rebrikov , Viktor Volkov , Artyom Sorokin , Vincent Bissonnette

Spatial perception and reasoning are core components of human cognition, encompassing object recognition, spatial relational understanding, and dynamic reasoning. Despite progress in computer vision, existing benchmarks reveal significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Chonghan Liu , Haoran Wang , Felix Henry , Pu Miao , Yajie Zhang , Yu Zhao , Peiran Wu

Recent breakthroughs in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to a qualitative leap in artificial intelligence' s performance on reasoning tasks, particularly demonstrating remarkable capabilities in mathematical, symbolic, and commonsense…

Analogical reasoning -- the capacity to identify and map structural relationships between different domains -- is fundamental to human cognition and learning. Recent studies have shown that large language models (LLMs) can sometimes match…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Sam Musker , Alex Duchnowski , Raphaël Millière , Ellie Pavlick

Spatio-temporal reasoning is a core capability for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) operating in the real world. As such, evaluating it precisely has become an essential challenge. However, existing spatio-temporal reasoning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Jinho Park , Youbin Kim , Hogun Park , Eunbyung Park

Artificial intelligence (AI) has made remarkable progress across various domains, with large language models like ChatGPT gaining substantial attention for their human-like text-generation capabilities. Despite these achievements, spatial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Fangjun Li , David C. Hogg , Anthony G. Cohn

Recent studies have raised significant concerns regarding the reliability of current mathematics benchmarks, highlighting issues such as simplistic design and potential data contamination. Consequently, developing a reliable benchmark that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Zijin Hong , Hao Wu , Su Dong , Junnan Dong , Yilin Xiao , Yujing Zhang , Zhu Wang , Feiran Huang , Linyi Li , Hongxia Yang , Xiao Huang

The 180x360 omnidirectional field of view captured by 360-degree cameras enables their use in a wide range of applications such as embodied AI and virtual reality. Although recent advances in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Zihao Dongfang , Xu Zheng , Ziqiao Weng , Yuanhuiyi Lyu , Danda Pani Paudel , Luc Van Gool , Kailun Yang , Xuming Hu

We introduce DecompSR, decomposed spatial reasoning, a large benchmark dataset (over 5m datapoints) and generation framework designed to analyse compositional spatial reasoning ability. The generation of DecompSR allows users to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Lachlan McPheat , Navdeep Kaur , Robert Blackwell , Alessandra Russo , Anthony G. Cohn , Pranava Madhyastha

Spatial understanding is essential for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to support perception, reasoning, and planning in embodied environments. Despite recent progress, existing studies reveal that MLLMs still struggle with spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Wanyue Zhang , Yibin Huang , Yangbin Xu , JingJing Huang , Helu Zhi , Shuo Ren , Wang Xu , Jiajun Zhang

Balancing scientific exposition and narrative engagement is a central challenge in science communication. To examine how to achieve balance, we conducted a formative study with four science communicators and a literature review of science…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Kexue Fu , Jiaye Leng , Yawen Zhang , Jingfei Huang , Yihang Zuo , Runze Cai , Zijian Ding , Ray LC , Shengdong Zhao , Qinyuan Lei

Although neural models have performed impressively well on various tasks such as image recognition and question answering, their reasoning ability has been measured in only few studies. In this work, we focus on spatial reasoning and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-19 Hyunjae Kim , Yookyung Koh , Jinheon Baek , Jaewoo Kang

Vision-language models (VLMs) are essential to Embodied AI, enabling robots to perceive, reason, and act in complex environments. They also serve as the foundation for the recent Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models. Yet most evaluations of…

Over the past year, the development of large language models (LLMs) has brought spatial intelligence into focus, with much attention on vision-based embodied intelligence. However, spatial intelligence spans a broader range of disciplines…

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have recently gained attention due to their competitive performance on multiple downstream tasks, achieved by following user-input instructions. However, VLMs still exhibit several limitations in visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Simone Alghisi , Gabriel Roccabruna , Massimo Rizzoli , Seyed Mahed Mousavi , Giuseppe Riccardi

With powerful large language models (LLMs) demonstrating superhuman reasoning capabilities, a critical question arises: Do LLMs genuinely reason, or do they merely recall answers from their extensive, web-scraped training datasets? Publicly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Haowei Lin , Xiangyu Wang , Ruilin Yan , Baizhou Huang , Haotian Ye , Jianhua Zhu , Zihao Wang , James Zou , Jianzhu Ma , Yitao Liang

Multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) have rapidly advanced in visual tasks, yet their spatial understanding remains limited to single images, leaving them ill-suited for physical-world applications that require multi-frame reasoning.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Runsen Xu , Weiyao Wang , Hao Tang , Xingyu Chen , Xiaodong Wang , Fu-Jen Chu , Matt Feiszli , Kevin J. Liang