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Multilingual pretrained language models (mPLMs) acquire valuable, generalizable linguistic information during pretraining and have advanced the state of the art on task-specific finetuning. To date, only ~31 out of ~2,000 African languages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Ife Adebara , AbdelRahim Elmadany , Muhammad Abdul-Mageed , Alcides Alcoba Inciarte

Current large language models excel at broad, general-purpose tasks, but consistently underperform when exposed to highly specialized domains that require deep cultural, linguistic, and subject-matter expertise. In particular, traditional…

In this work, we develop and release Yuan 2.0, a series of large language models with parameters ranging from 2.1 billion to 102.6 billion. The Localized Filtering-based Attention (LFA) is introduced to incorporate prior knowledge of local…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Shaohua Wu , Xudong Zhao , Shenling Wang , Jiangang Luo , Lingjun Li , Xi Chen , Bing Zhao , Wei Wang , Tong Yu , Rongguo Zhang , Jiahua Zhang , Chao Wang

Africa is home to over one-third of the world's languages, yet remains underrepresented in AI research. We introduce Afri-MCQA, the first Multilingual Cultural Question-Answering benchmark covering 7.5k Q&A pairs across 15 African languages…

Language modeling has witnessed remarkable advancements in recent years, with Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT setting unparalleled benchmarks in human-like text generation. However, a prevailing limitation is the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Abhinand Balachandran

In this paper, we introduce SUTRA, multilingual Large Language Model architecture capable of understanding, reasoning, and generating text in over 50 languages. SUTRA's design uniquely decouples core conceptual understanding from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Abhijit Bendale , Michael Sapienza , Steven Ripplinger , Simon Gibbs , Jaewon Lee , Pranav Mistry

We release and introduce the TigerBot family of large language models (LLMs), consisting of base and chat models, sized from 7, 13, 70 and 180 billion parameters. We develop our models embarking from Llama-2 and BLOOM, and push the boundary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Ye Chen , Wei Cai , Liangmin Wu , Xiaowei Li , Zhanxuan Xin , Cong Fu

Large language models (LLMs), with their powerful generative capabilities and vast knowledge, empower various tasks in everyday life. However, these abilities are primarily concentrated in high-resource languages, leaving low-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Shaolei Zhang , Kehao Zhang , Qingkai Fang , Shoutao Guo , Yan Zhou , Xiaodong Liu , Yang Feng

In 2022, with the release of ChatGPT, large-scale language models gained widespread attention. ChatGPT not only surpassed previous models in terms of parameters and the scale of its pretraining corpus but also achieved revolutionary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Yiming Ju , Huanhuan Ma

High-resource languages such as English, enables the pretraining of high-quality large language models (LLMs). The same can not be said for most other languages as LLMs still underperform for non-English languages, likely due to a gap in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Jiayi Wang , Yao Lu , Maurice Weber , Max Ryabinin , David Adelani , Yihong Chen , Raphael Tang , Pontus Stenetorp

The increase in technological adoption worldwide comes with demands for novel tools to be used by the general population. Large Language Models (LLMs) provide a great opportunity in this respect, but their capabilities remain limited for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Stefan Krsteski , Matea Tashkovska , Borjan Sazdov , Hristijan Gjoreski , Branislav Gerazov

The impact of different multilingual data mixtures in pretraining large language models (LLMs) has been a topic of ongoing debate, often raising concerns about potential trade-offs between language coverage and model performance (i.e., the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Negar Foroutan , Paul Teiletche , Ayush Kumar Tarun , Antoine Bosselut

Language models demonstrate both quantitative improvement and new qualitative capabilities with increasing scale. Despite their potentially transformative impact, these new capabilities are as yet poorly characterized. In order to inform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Aarohi Srivastava , Abhinav Rastogi , Abhishek Rao , Abu Awal Md Shoeb , Abubakar Abid , Adam Fisch , Adam R. Brown , Adam Santoro , Aditya Gupta , Adrià Garriga-Alonso , Agnieszka Kluska , Aitor Lewkowycz , Akshat Agarwal , Alethea Power , Alex Ray , Alex Warstadt , Alexander W. Kocurek , Ali Safaya , Ali Tazarv , Alice Xiang , Alicia Parrish , Allen Nie , Aman Hussain , Amanda Askell , Amanda Dsouza , Ambrose Slone , Ameet Rahane , Anantharaman S. Iyer , Anders Andreassen , Andrea Madotto , Andrea Santilli , Andreas Stuhlmüller , Andrew Dai , Andrew La , Andrew Lampinen , Andy Zou , Angela Jiang , Angelica Chen , Anh Vuong , Animesh Gupta , Anna Gottardi , Antonio Norelli , Anu Venkatesh , Arash Gholamidavoodi , Arfa Tabassum , Arul Menezes , Arun Kirubarajan , Asher Mullokandov , Ashish Sabharwal , Austin Herrick , Avia Efrat , Aykut Erdem , Ayla Karakaş , B. Ryan Roberts , Bao Sheng Loe , Barret Zoph , Bartłomiej Bojanowski , Batuhan Özyurt , Behnam Hedayatnia , Behnam Neyshabur , Benjamin Inden , Benno Stein , Berk Ekmekci , Bill Yuchen Lin , Blake Howald , Bryan Orinion , Cameron Diao , Cameron Dour , Catherine Stinson , Cedrick Argueta , César Ferri Ramírez , Chandan Singh , Charles Rathkopf , Chenlin Meng , Chitta Baral , Chiyu Wu , Chris Callison-Burch , Chris Waites , Christian Voigt , Christopher D. Manning , Christopher Potts , Cindy Ramirez , Clara E. Rivera , Clemencia Siro , Colin Raffel , Courtney Ashcraft , Cristina Garbacea , Damien Sileo , Dan Garrette , Dan Hendrycks , Dan Kilman , Dan Roth , Daniel Freeman , Daniel Khashabi , Daniel Levy , Daniel Moseguí González , Danielle Perszyk , Danny Hernandez , Danqi Chen , Daphne Ippolito , Dar Gilboa , David Dohan , David Drakard , David Jurgens , Debajyoti Datta , Deep Ganguli , Denis Emelin , Denis Kleyko , Deniz Yuret , Derek Chen , Derek Tam , Dieuwke Hupkes , Diganta Misra , Dilyar Buzan , Dimitri Coelho Mollo , Diyi Yang , Dong-Ho Lee , Dylan Schrader , Ekaterina Shutova , Ekin Dogus Cubuk , Elad Segal , Eleanor Hagerman , Elizabeth Barnes , Elizabeth Donoway , Ellie Pavlick , Emanuele Rodola , Emma Lam , Eric Chu , Eric Tang , Erkut Erdem , Ernie Chang , Ethan A. Chi , Ethan Dyer , Ethan Jerzak , Ethan Kim , Eunice Engefu Manyasi , Evgenii Zheltonozhskii , Fanyue Xia , Fatemeh Siar , Fernando Martínez-Plumed , Francesca Happé , Francois Chollet , Frieda Rong , Gaurav Mishra , Genta Indra Winata , Gerard de Melo , Germán Kruszewski , Giambattista Parascandolo , Giorgio Mariani , Gloria Wang , Gonzalo Jaimovitch-López , Gregor Betz , Guy Gur-Ari , Hana Galijasevic , Hannah Kim , Hannah Rashkin , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Harsh Mehta , Hayden Bogar , Henry Shevlin , Hinrich Schütze , Hiromu Yakura , Hongming Zhang , Hugh Mee Wong , Ian Ng , Isaac Noble , Jaap Jumelet , Jack Geissinger , Jackson Kernion , Jacob Hilton , Jaehoon Lee , Jaime Fernández Fisac , James B. Simon , James Koppel , James Zheng , James Zou , Jan Kocoń , Jana Thompson , Janelle Wingfield , Jared Kaplan , Jarema Radom , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein , Jason Phang , Jason Wei , Jason Yosinski , Jekaterina Novikova , Jelle Bosscher , Jennifer Marsh , Jeremy Kim , Jeroen Taal , Jesse Engel , Jesujoba Alabi , Jiacheng Xu , Jiaming Song , Jillian Tang , Joan Waweru , John Burden , John Miller , John U. Balis , Jonathan Batchelder , Jonathan Berant , Jörg Frohberg , Jos Rozen , Jose Hernandez-Orallo , Joseph Boudeman , Joseph Guerr , Joseph Jones , Joshua B. Tenenbaum , Joshua S. Rule , Joyce Chua , Kamil Kanclerz , Karen Livescu , Karl Krauth , Karthik Gopalakrishnan , Katerina Ignatyeva , Katja Markert , Kaustubh D. Dhole , Kevin Gimpel , Kevin Omondi , Kory Mathewson , Kristen Chiafullo , Ksenia Shkaruta , Kumar Shridhar , Kyle McDonell , Kyle Richardson , Laria Reynolds , Leo Gao , Li Zhang , Liam Dugan , Lianhui Qin , Lidia Contreras-Ochando , Louis-Philippe Morency , Luca Moschella , Lucas Lam , Lucy Noble , Ludwig Schmidt , Luheng He , Luis Oliveros Colón , Luke Metz , Lütfi Kerem Şenel , Maarten Bosma , Maarten Sap , Maartje ter Hoeve , Maheen Farooqi , Manaal Faruqui , Mantas Mazeika , Marco Baturan , Marco Marelli , Marco Maru , Maria Jose Ramírez Quintana , Marie Tolkiehn , Mario Giulianelli , Martha Lewis , Martin Potthast , Matthew L. Leavitt , Matthias Hagen , Mátyás Schubert , Medina Orduna Baitemirova , Melody Arnaud , Melvin McElrath , Michael A. Yee , Michael Cohen , Michael Gu , Michael Ivanitskiy , Michael Starritt , Michael Strube , Michał Swędrowski , Michele Bevilacqua , Michihiro Yasunaga , Mihir Kale , Mike Cain , Mimee Xu , Mirac Suzgun , Mitch Walker , Mo Tiwari , Mohit Bansal , Moin Aminnaseri , Mor Geva , Mozhdeh Gheini , Mukund Varma T , Nanyun Peng , Nathan A. Chi , Nayeon Lee , Neta Gur-Ari Krakover , Nicholas Cameron , Nicholas Roberts , Nick Doiron , Nicole Martinez , Nikita Nangia , Niklas Deckers , Niklas Muennighoff , Nitish Shirish Keskar , Niveditha S. Iyer , Noah Constant , Noah Fiedel , Nuan Wen , Oliver Zhang , Omar Agha , Omar Elbaghdadi , Omer Levy , Owain Evans , Pablo Antonio Moreno Casares , Parth Doshi , Pascale Fung , Paul Pu Liang , Paul Vicol , Pegah Alipoormolabashi , Peiyuan Liao , Percy Liang , Peter Chang , Peter Eckersley , Phu Mon Htut , Pinyu Hwang , Piotr Miłkowski , Piyush Patil , Pouya Pezeshkpour , Priti Oli , Qiaozhu Mei , Qing Lyu , Qinlang Chen , Rabin Banjade , Rachel Etta Rudolph , Raefer Gabriel , Rahel Habacker , Ramon Risco , Raphaël Millière , Rhythm Garg , Richard Barnes , Rif A. Saurous , Riku Arakawa , Robbe Raymaekers , Robert Frank , Rohan Sikand , Roman Novak , Roman Sitelew , Ronan LeBras , Rosanne Liu , Rowan Jacobs , Rui Zhang , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Ryan Chi , Ryan Lee , Ryan Stovall , Ryan Teehan , Rylan Yang , Sahib Singh , Saif M. Mohammad , Sajant Anand , Sam Dillavou , Sam Shleifer , Sam Wiseman , Samuel Gruetter , Samuel R. Bowman , Samuel S. Schoenholz , Sanghyun Han , Sanjeev Kwatra , Sarah A. Rous , Sarik Ghazarian , Sayan Ghosh , Sean Casey , Sebastian Bischoff , Sebastian Gehrmann , Sebastian Schuster , Sepideh Sadeghi , Shadi Hamdan , Sharon Zhou , Shashank Srivastava , Sherry Shi , Shikhar Singh , Shima Asaadi , Shixiang Shane Gu , Shubh Pachchigar , Shubham Toshniwal , Shyam Upadhyay , Shyamolima , Debnath , Siamak Shakeri , Simon Thormeyer , Simone Melzi , Siva Reddy , Sneha Priscilla Makini , Soo-Hwan Lee , Spencer Torene , Sriharsha Hatwar , Stanislas Dehaene , Stefan Divic , Stefano Ermon , Stella Biderman , Stephanie Lin , Stephen Prasad , Steven T. Piantadosi , Stuart M. Shieber , Summer Misherghi , Svetlana Kiritchenko , Swaroop Mishra , Tal Linzen , Tal Schuster , Tao Li , Tao Yu , Tariq Ali , Tatsu Hashimoto , Te-Lin Wu , Théo Desbordes , Theodore Rothschild , Thomas Phan , Tianle Wang , Tiberius Nkinyili , Timo Schick , Timofei Kornev , Titus Tunduny , Tobias Gerstenberg , Trenton Chang , Trishala Neeraj , Tushar Khot , Tyler Shultz , Uri Shaham , Vedant Misra , Vera Demberg , Victoria Nyamai , Vikas Raunak , Vinay Ramasesh , Vinay Uday Prabhu , Vishakh Padmakumar , Vivek Srikumar , William Fedus , William Saunders , William Zhang , Wout Vossen , Xiang Ren , Xiaoyu Tong , Xinran Zhao , Xinyi Wu , Xudong Shen , Yadollah Yaghoobzadeh , Yair Lakretz , Yangqiu Song , Yasaman Bahri , Yejin Choi , Yichi Yang , Yiding Hao , Yifu Chen , Yonatan Belinkov , Yu Hou , Yufang Hou , Yuntao Bai , Zachary Seid , Zhuoye Zhao , Zijian Wang , Zijie J. Wang , Zirui Wang , Ziyi Wu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on a variety of natural language tasks based on just a few examples of natural language instructions, reducing the need for extensive feature engineering. However, most…

Multilingual neural machine translation (NMT) enables training a single model that supports translation from multiple source languages into multiple target languages. In this paper, we push the limits of multilingual NMT in terms of number…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-03 Roee Aharoni , Melvin Johnson , Orhan Firat

In recent years, large language models (e.g., Open AI's GPT-4, Meta's LLaMa, Google's PaLM) have become the dominant approach for building AI systems to analyze and generate language online. However, the automated systems that increasingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Gabriel Nicholas , Aliya Bhatia

Large language models (LLMs) have showcased profound capabilities in language understanding and generation, facilitating a wide array of applications. However, there is a notable paucity of detailed, open-sourced methodologies on…

The pretraining of state-of-the-art large language models now requires trillions of words of text, which is orders of magnitude more than available for the vast majority of languages. While including text in more than one language is an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Risto Luukkonen , Jonathan Burdge , Elaine Zosa , Aarne Talman , Ville Komulainen , Väinö Hatanpää , Peter Sarlin , Sampo Pyysalo

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable ability to comprehend, reason, and generate following nature language instructions. However, the development of LLMs has been primarily focused on high-resource languages, such as English,…

We introduce Gemma 3, a multimodal addition to the Gemma family of lightweight open models, ranging in scale from 1 to 27 billion parameters. This version introduces vision understanding abilities, a wider coverage of languages and longer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Gemma Team , Aishwarya Kamath , Johan Ferret , Shreya Pathak , Nino Vieillard , Ramona Merhej , Sarah Perrin , Tatiana Matejovicova , Alexandre Ramé , Morgane Rivière , Louis Rouillard , Thomas Mesnard , Geoffrey Cideron , Jean-bastien Grill , Sabela Ramos , Edouard Yvinec , Michelle Casbon , Etienne Pot , Ivo Penchev , Gaël Liu , Francesco Visin , Kathleen Kenealy , Lucas Beyer , Xiaohai Zhai , Anton Tsitsulin , Robert Busa-Fekete , Alex Feng , Noveen Sachdeva , Benjamin Coleman , Yi Gao , Basil Mustafa , Iain Barr , Emilio Parisotto , David Tian , Matan Eyal , Colin Cherry , Jan-Thorsten Peter , Danila Sinopalnikov , Surya Bhupatiraju , Rishabh Agarwal , Mehran Kazemi , Dan Malkin , Ravin Kumar , David Vilar , Idan Brusilovsky , Jiaming Luo , Andreas Steiner , Abe Friesen , Abhanshu Sharma , Abheesht Sharma , Adi Mayrav Gilady , Adrian Goedeckemeyer , Alaa Saade , Alex Feng , Alexander Kolesnikov , Alexei Bendebury , Alvin Abdagic , Amit Vadi , András György , André Susano Pinto , Anil Das , Ankur Bapna , Antoine Miech , Antoine Yang , Antonia Paterson , Ashish Shenoy , Ayan Chakrabarti , Bilal Piot , Bo Wu , Bobak Shahriari , Bryce Petrini , Charlie Chen , Charline Le Lan , Christopher A. Choquette-Choo , CJ Carey , Cormac Brick , Daniel Deutsch , Danielle Eisenbud , Dee Cattle , Derek Cheng , Dimitris Paparas , Divyashree Shivakumar Sreepathihalli , Doug Reid , Dustin Tran , Dustin Zelle , Eric Noland , Erwin Huizenga , Eugene Kharitonov , Frederick Liu , Gagik Amirkhanyan , Glenn Cameron , Hadi Hashemi , Hanna Klimczak-Plucińska , Harman Singh , Harsh Mehta , Harshal Tushar Lehri , Hussein Hazimeh , Ian Ballantyne , Idan Szpektor , Ivan Nardini , Jean Pouget-Abadie , Jetha Chan , Joe Stanton , John Wieting , Jonathan Lai , Jordi Orbay , Joseph Fernandez , Josh Newlan , Ju-yeong Ji , Jyotinder Singh , Kat Black , Kathy Yu , Kevin Hui , Kiran Vodrahalli , Klaus Greff , Linhai Qiu , Marcella Valentine , Marina Coelho , Marvin Ritter , Matt Hoffman , Matthew Watson , Mayank Chaturvedi , Michael Moynihan , Min Ma , Nabila Babar , Natasha Noy , Nathan Byrd , Nick Roy , Nikola Momchev , Nilay Chauhan , Noveen Sachdeva , Oskar Bunyan , Pankil Botarda , Paul Caron , Paul Kishan Rubenstein , Phil Culliton , Philipp Schmid , Pier Giuseppe Sessa , Pingmei Xu , Piotr Stanczyk , Pouya Tafti , Rakesh Shivanna , Renjie Wu , Renke Pan , Reza Rokni , Rob Willoughby , Rohith Vallu , Ryan Mullins , Sammy Jerome , Sara Smoot , Sertan Girgin , Shariq Iqbal , Shashir Reddy , Shruti Sheth , Siim Põder , Sijal Bhatnagar , Sindhu Raghuram Panyam , Sivan Eiger , Susan Zhang , Tianqi Liu , Trevor Yacovone , Tyler Liechty , Uday Kalra , Utku Evci , Vedant Misra , Vincent Roseberry , Vlad Feinberg , Vlad Kolesnikov , Woohyun Han , Woosuk Kwon , Xi Chen , Yinlam Chow , Yuvein Zhu , Zichuan Wei , Zoltan Egyed , Victor Cotruta , Minh Giang , Phoebe Kirk , Anand Rao , Kat Black , Nabila Babar , Jessica Lo , Erica Moreira , Luiz Gustavo Martins , Omar Sanseviero , Lucas Gonzalez , Zach Gleicher , Tris Warkentin , Vahab Mirrokni , Evan Senter , Eli Collins , Joelle Barral , Zoubin Ghahramani , Raia Hadsell , Yossi Matias , D. Sculley , Slav Petrov , Noah Fiedel , Noam Shazeer , Oriol Vinyals , Jeff Dean , Demis Hassabis , Koray Kavukcuoglu , Clement Farabet , Elena Buchatskaya , Jean-Baptiste Alayrac , Rohan Anil , Dmitry , Lepikhin , Sebastian Borgeaud , Olivier Bachem , Armand Joulin , Alek Andreev , Cassidy Hardin , Robert Dadashi , Léonard Hussenot