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We study the robustness of Transformer language models under semantic out-of-distribution (OOD) shifts, where training and test data lie in disjoint latent spaces. Using Wasserstein-1 distance and Gevrey-class smoothness, we derive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Yu Wang , Fu-Chieh Chang , Pei-Yuan Wu

The recent achievements of Deep Learning rely on the test data being similar in distribution to the training data. In an ideal case, Deep Learning models would achieve Out-of-Distribution (OoD) Generalization, i.e. reliably make predictions…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-07 Antoine Sanner , Camila Gonzalez , Anirban Mukhopadhyay

A recent paradigm views deep neural networks as discretizations of certain controlled ordinary differential equations, sometimes called neural ordinary differential equations. We make use of this perspective to link expressiveness of deep…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-07-20 Christa Cuchiero , Martin Larsson , Josef Teichmann

Neural networks (NNs), despite their success and wide adoption, still struggle to extrapolate out-of-distribution (OOD), i.e., to inputs that are not well-represented by their training dataset. Addressing the OOD generalization gap is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Robert R. Nerem , Samantha Chen , Sanjoy Dasgupta , Yusu Wang

This paper aims to analyze the generalization power of deep neural networks (DNNs) from the perspective of interactions. Unlike previous analysis of a DNN's generalization power in a highdimensional feature space, we find that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Lei Cheng , Junpeng Zhang , Qihan Ren , Quanshi Zhang

Deep neural networks (DNNs) often produce overconfident predictions on out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, undermining their reliability in open-world environments. Singularities in semi-discrete optimal transport (OT) mark regions of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Keke Tang , Ziyong Du , Xiaofei Wang , Weilong Peng , Peican Zhu , Zhihong Tian

Recent studies have proven that DNNs, unlike human vision, tend to exploit texture information rather than shape. Such texture bias is one of the factors for the poor generalization performance of DNNs. We observe that the texture bias…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Hwan Heo , Youngjin Oh , Jaewon Lee , Hyunwoo J. Kim

To develop a preliminary understanding towards Graph Foundation Models, we study the extent to which pretrained Graph Neural Networks can be applied across datasets, an effort requiring to be agnostic to dataset-specific features and their…

Neural networks (NNs) are widely used for object classification in autonomous driving. However, NNs can fail on input data not well represented by the training dataset, known as out-of-distribution (OOD) data. A mechanism to detect OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Julia Nitsch , Masha Itkina , Ransalu Senanayake , Juan Nieto , Max Schmidt , Roland Siegwart , Mykel J. Kochenderfer , Cesar Cadena

In this paper, we hypothesize that internal function sharing is one of the reasons to weaken o.o.d. or systematic generalization in deep learning for classification tasks. Under equivalent prediction, a model partitions an input space into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-25 Yuanpeng Li

Soft labeling becomes a common output regularization for generalization and model compression of deep neural networks. However, the effect of soft labeling on out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, which is an important topic of machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Doyup Lee , Yeongjae Cheon

Most deep-learning-based image classification methods assume that all samples are generated under an independent and identically distributed (IID) setting. However, out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization is more common in practice, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Xin Guo , Zhengxu Yu , Chao Xiang , Zhongming Jin , Jianqiang Huang , Deng Cai , Xiaofei He , Xian-Sheng Hua

Trajectory prediction is one of the essential tasks for autonomous vehicles. Recent progress in machine learning gave birth to a series of advanced trajectory prediction algorithms. Lately, the effectiveness of using graph neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Juanwu Lu , Wei Zhan , Masayoshi Tomizuka , Yeping Hu

Deep neural networks (DNNs) trained for image denoising are able to generate high-quality samples with score-based reverse diffusion algorithms. These impressive capabilities seem to imply an escape from the curse of dimensionality, but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Zahra Kadkhodaie , Florentin Guth , Eero P. Simoncelli , Stéphane Mallat

Deep neural networks often generalize well despite heavy over-parameterization, challenging classical parameter-based analyses. We study generalization from a representation-centric perspective and analyze how the geometry of learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Junjie Yu , Zhuoli Ouyang , Haotian Deng , Chen Wei , Wenxiao Ma , Jianyu Zhang , Zihan Deng , Quanying Liu

The combination of behavioural cloning and neural networks has driven significant progress in robotic manipulation. As these algorithms may require a large number of demonstrations for each task of interest, they remain fundamentally…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Kiran Doshi , Marco Bagatella , Stelian Coros

Distribution shifts introduce uncertainty that undermines the robustness and generalization capabilities of machine learning models. While conventional wisdom suggests that learning causal-invariant representations enhances robustness to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Abbavaram Gowtham Reddy , Celia Rubio-Madrigal , Rebekka Burkholz , Krikamol Muandet

Deep learning (DL) has been applied extensively in many computational imaging problems, often leading to superior performance over traditional iterative approaches. However, two important questions remain largely unanswered: first, how well…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-26 Mo Deng , Shuai Li , Iksung Kang , Nicholas X. Fang , George Barbastathis

Representations learned by pre-training a neural network on a large dataset are increasingly used successfully to perform a variety of downstream tasks. In this work, we take a closer look at how features are encoded in such pre-trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Vedant Nanda , Till Speicher , John P. Dickerson , Soheil Feizi , Krishna P. Gummadi , Adrian Weller

Neural collapse (NC) is a phenomenon that emerges at the terminal phase of the training (TPT) of deep neural networks (DNNs). The features of the data in the same class collapse to their respective sample means and the sample means exhibit…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-09 Wanli Hong , Shuyang Ling