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Mathematical reasoning is a challenging task for large language models (LLMs), while the scaling relationship of it with respect to LLM capacity is under-explored. In this paper, we investigate how the pre-training loss, supervised data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Zheng Yuan , Hongyi Yuan , Chengpeng Li , Guanting Dong , Keming Lu , Chuanqi Tan , Chang Zhou , Jingren Zhou

Scaling laws predict that the performance of large language models improves with increasing model size and data size. In practice, pre-training has been relying on massive web crawls, using almost all data sources publicly available on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Thao Nguyen , Yang Li , Olga Golovneva , Luke Zettlemoyer , Sewoong Oh , Ludwig Schmidt , Xian Li

We introduce a pioneering methodology for boosting large language models in the domain of protein representation learning. Our primary contribution lies in the refinement process for correlating the over-reliance on co-evolution knowledge,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Yaoyao Xu , Xinjian Zhao , Xiaozhuang Song , Benyou Wang , Tianshu Yu

Binarization, which converts weight parameters to binary values, has emerged as an effective strategy to reduce the size of large language models (LLMs). However, typical binarization techniques significantly diminish linguistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Dongwon Jo , Taesu Kim , Yulhwa Kim , Jae-Joon Kim

Pre-trained multilingual language models (LMs) have achieved state-of-the-art results in cross-lingual transfer, but they often lead to an inequitable representation of languages due to limited capacity, skewed pre-training data, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Simran Khanuja , Melvin Johnson , Partha Talukdar

This work studies the general principles of improving the learning of language models (LMs), which aims at reducing the necessary training steps for achieving superior performance. Specifically, we present a theory for the optimal learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Yuxian Gu , Li Dong , Yaru Hao , Qingxiu Dong , Minlie Huang , Furu Wei

Large language models (LLMs) may exhibit unintended or undesirable behaviors. Recent works have concentrated on aligning LLMs to mitigate harmful outputs. Despite these efforts, some anomalies indicate that even a well-conducted alignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Jiaming Ji , Kaile Wang , Tianyi Qiu , Boyuan Chen , Jiayi Zhou , Changye Li , Hantao Lou , Juntao Dai , Yunhuai Liu , Yaodong Yang

The pre-trained multi-lingual XLSR model generalizes well for language identification after fine-tuning on unseen languages. However, the performance significantly degrades when the languages are not very distinct from each other, for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Shangeth Rajaa , Kriti Anandan , Swaraj Dalmia , Tarun Gupta , Eng Siong Chng

When aligning large language models (LLMs), their performance on various tasks (such as being helpful, harmless, and honest) depends heavily on the composition of their training data. However, selecting a data mixture that achieves strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Nicholas E. Corrado , Julian Katz-Samuels , Adithya Devraj , Hyokun Yun , Chao Zhang , Yi Xu , Yi Pan , Bing Yin , Trishul Chilimbi

Adapting general large language models (LLMs) to specialized domains presents great challenges due to varied data distributions. This adaptation typically requires continual pre-training on massive domain-specific corpora to facilitate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Jinhao Jiang , Junyi Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Yang Song , Tao Zhang , Ji-Rong Wen

In multilingual pretraining, the test loss of a pretrained model is heavily influenced by the proportion of each language in the pretraining data, namely the \textit{language mixture ratios}. Multilingual scaling laws can predict the test…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Xuyang Cao , Qianying Liu , Chuan Xiao , Yusuke Oda , Jiayi Wang , Pontus Stenetorp , Daisuke Kawahara , Makoto Onizuka , Sadao Kurohashi , Shuyuan Zheng

This research explores a hybrid approach to fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) by integrating real-world and synthetic data to boost model performance, particularly in generating accurate and contextually relevant responses. By…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Alexey Zhezherau , Alexei Yanockin

Large language models (LLMs) with enormous pre-training tokens and parameters emerge diverse abilities, including math reasoning, code generation, and instruction following. These abilities are further enhanced by supervised fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Guanting Dong , Hongyi Yuan , Keming Lu , Chengpeng Li , Mingfeng Xue , Dayiheng Liu , Wei Wang , Zheng Yuan , Chang Zhou , Jingren Zhou

Guided by the belief of the scaling law, large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance in recent years. However, scaling law only gives a qualitative estimation of loss, which is influenced by various factors such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Chuhan Wu , Ruiming Tang

Accelerating model convergence in resource-constrained environments is essential for fast and efficient neural network training. This work presents learn2mix, a new training strategy that adaptively adjusts class proportions within batches,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Shyam Venkatasubramanian , Vahid Tarokh

Large language models (LLMs) bear promise as a fast and accurate material modeling paradigm for evaluation, analysis, and design. Their vast number of trainable parameters necessitates a wealth of data to achieve accuracy and mitigate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Ning Liu , Siavash Jafarzadeh , Brian Y. Lattimer , Shuna Ni , Jim Lua , Yue Yu

Modern LLM pre-training consumes vast amounts of compute and training data, making the scaling behavior, or scaling laws, of different models a key distinguishing factor. Discrete diffusion language models (DLMs) have been proposed as an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Dimitri von Rütte , Janis Fluri , Omead Pooladzandi , Bernhard Schölkopf , Thomas Hofmann , Antonio Orvieto

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides towards Artificial General Intelligence. However, training these models from scratch requires substantial computational resources and vast amounts of text data. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Wenzhen Zheng , Wenbo Pan , Xu Xu , Libo Qin , Li Yue , Ming Zhou

Large language model (LLM) scaling laws are empirical formulas that estimate changes in model quality as a result of increasing parameter count and training data. However, these formulas, including the popular Deepmind Chinchilla scaling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Nikhil Sardana , Jacob Portes , Sasha Doubov , Jonathan Frankle

Pretraining datasets for large language models (LLMs) have grown to trillions of tokens composed of large amounts of CommonCrawl (CC) web scrape along with smaller, domain-specific datasets. It is expensive to understand the impact of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Cody Blakeney , Mansheej Paul , Brett W. Larsen , Sean Owen , Jonathan Frankle