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Recent years have witnessed growing interest in adopting large language models (LLMs) for Register Transfer Level (RTL) code optimization. While powerful cloud-based LLMs offer superior optimization capabilities, they pose unacceptable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Jing Wang , Zheng Li , Lei Li , Fan He , Liyu Lin , Yao Lai , Yan Li , Xiaoyang Zeng , Yufeng Guo

Large Language Model (LLM) inference, where a trained model generates text one word at a time in response to user prompts, is a computationally intensive process requiring efficient scheduling to optimize latency and resource utilization. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Patrick Jaillet , Jiashuo Jiang , Konstantina Mellou , Marco Molinaro , Chara Podimata , Zijie Zhou

LLM inference serving typically scales out with a two-tier architecture: a cluster router distributes requests to multiple inference engines, each of which then in turn performs its own internal scheduling. However, this commonly used…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Yue Zhang , Yuansheng Chen , Xuan Mo , Alex Xi , Jialun Li , WeiGang Wu

Deep Learning (DL) model-based AI services are increasingly offered in a variety of predictive analytics services such as computer vision, natural language processing, speech recognition. However, the quality of the DL models can degrade…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Anirban Bhattacharjee , Ajay Dev Chhokra , Hongyang Sun , Shashank Shekhar , Aniruddha Gokhale , Gabor Karsai , Abhishek Dubey

Hybrid Language Models (HLMs) combine the low-latency efficiency of Small Language Models (SLMs) on edge devices with the high accuracy of Large Language Models (LLMs) on centralized servers. Unlike traditional end-to-end LLM inference,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Faranaksadat Solat , Joohyung Lee , Mohamed Seif , Dusit Niyato , H. Vincent Poor

Confidential computing on GPUs, like NVIDIA H100, mitigates the security risks of outsourced Large Language Models (LLMs) by implementing strong isolation and data encryption. Nonetheless, this encryption incurs a significant performance…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Yifan Tan , Cheng Tan , Zeyu Mi , Haibo Chen

We introduce Model-Distributed Inference for Large-Language Models (MDI-LLM), a novel framework designed to facilitate the deployment of state-of-the-art large-language models (LLMs) across low-power devices at the edge. This is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Davide Macario , Hulya Seferoglu , Erdem Koyuncu

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly rely on inference-time reasoning algorithms such as chain-of-thought and multi-branch reasoning to improve accuracy on complex tasks. These methods, however, substantially increase token usage and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Weifan Jiang , Rana Shahout , Yilun Du , Michael Mitzenmacher , Minlan Yu

The rapid progress in machine learning (ML) has brought forth many large language models (LLMs) that excel in various tasks and areas. These LLMs come with different abilities and costs in terms of computation or pricing. Since the demand…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Quang H. Nguyen , Thinh Dao , Duy C. Hoang , Juliette Decugis , Saurav Manchanda , Nitesh V. Chawla , Khoa D. Doan

This article surveys Cognitive Edge Computing as a practical and methodical pathway for deploying reasoning-capable Large Language Models (LLMs) and autonomous AI agents on resource-constrained devices at the network edge. We present a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Xubin Wang , Qing Li , Weijia Jia

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across a wide range of tasks, but serving them efficiently at scale remains a critical challenge due to their substantial computational and latency demands. While most existing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Yifan Sun , Gholamreza Haffari , Minxian Xu , Rajkumar Buyya , Adel N. Toosi

Personalized large language models (LLMs) aim to tailor interactions, content, and recommendations to individual user preferences. While parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods excel in performance and generalization, they are costly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Zhaoxuan Tan , Zheyuan Liu , Meng Jiang

Large language models (LLMs) have unlocked a plethora of powerful applications at the network edge, such as intelligent personal assistants. Data privacy and security concerns have prompted a shift towards edge-based fine-tuning of personal…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Shengyuan Ye , Bei Ouyang , Tianyi Qian , Liekang Zeng , Jingyi Li , Jiangsu Du , Xiaowen Chu , Guoliang Xing , Xu Chen

LLMs have demonstrated great capabilities in various NLP tasks. Different entities can further improve the performance of those LLMs on their specific downstream tasks by fine-tuning LLMs. When several entities have similar interested…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Weirui Kuang , Bingchen Qian , Zitao Li , Daoyuan Chen , Dawei Gao , Xuchen Pan , Yuexiang Xie , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding , Jingren Zhou

After the advent of the Internet of Things and 5G networks, edge computing became the center of attraction. The tasks demanding high computation are generally offloaded to the cloud since the edge is resource-limited. The Edge Cloud is a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Hassan Asghar , Eun-Sung Jung

Fine-tuning pre-trained large language models (LLMs) in a distributed manner poses significant challenges on resource-constrained edge networks. To address this challenge, we propose SflLLM, a novel framework that integrates split federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Kai Zhao , Zhaohui Yang , Ye Hu , Mingzhe Chen , Chen Zhu , Zhaoyang Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming the backbone of modern cloud services, yet their inference costs are dominated by GPU energy. Unlike traditional GPU workloads, LLM inference has two stages with different characteristics: the…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Qunyou Liu , Darong Huang , Marina Zapater , David Atienza

With the widespread application of edge computing and cloud systems in AI-driven applications, how to maintain efficient performance while ensuring data privacy has become an urgent security issue. This paper proposes a federated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Huaiying Luo , Cheng Ji

As demand for Large Language Models (LLMs) and AI agents grows rapidly, optimizing systems for efficient LLM inference becomes critical. While significant efforts have targeted system-level engineering, little has been explored from a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-19 J. G. Dai , Tianze Deng , Yueying Li , Tianyi Peng

The exploration and application of Large Language Models (LLMs) is thriving. To reduce deployment costs, continuous batching has become an essential feature in current service frameworks. The effectiveness of continuous batching relies on…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ruihao Gong , Shihao Bai , Siyu Wu , Yunqian Fan , Zaijun Wang , Xiuhong Li , Hailong Yang , Xianglong Liu