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Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models mostly use a router to assign tokens to specific expert modules, activating only partial parameters and often outperforming dense models. We argue that the separation between the router's decision-making and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Ang Lv , Ruobing Xie , Yining Qian , Songhao Wu , Xingwu Sun , Zhanhui Kang , Di Wang , Rui Yan

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have become a widely-adopted solution to continue scaling model sizes without a corresponding linear increase in compute. During MoE model training, each input token is dynamically routed to a subset of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Athinagoras Skiadopoulos , Mark Zhao , Swapnil Gandhi , Thomas Norrie , Shrijeet Mukherjee , Christos Kozyrakis

In deep learning, models typically reuse the same parameters for all inputs. Mixture of Experts (MoE) defies this and instead selects different parameters for each incoming example. The result is a sparsely-activated model -- with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 William Fedus , Barret Zoph , Noam Shazeer

Mixture of Experts (MoE) architectures have recently started burgeoning due to their ability to scale model's capacity while maintaining the computational cost affordable. Furthermore, they can be applied to both Transformers and State…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-05 Umberto Cappellazzo , Daniele Falavigna , Alessio Brutti

In recent years, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as an effective approach for enhancing the capacity of deep neural network (DNN) with sub-linear computational costs. However, storing all experts on GPUs incurs significant memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Suraiya Tairin , Shohaib Mahmud , Haiying Shen , Anand Iyer

Transformer-based Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have been driving several recent technological advancements in Natural Language Processing (NLP). These MoE models adopt a router mechanism to determine which experts to activate for routing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Maryam Akhavan Aghdam , Hongpeng Jin , Yanzhao Wu

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models embody the divide-and-conquer concept and are a promising approach for increasing model capacity, demonstrating excellent scalability across multiple domains. In this paper, we integrate the MoE structure…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Xumeng Han , Longhui Wei , Zhiyang Dou , Zipeng Wang , Chenhui Qiang , Xin He , Yingfei Sun , Zhenjun Han , Qi Tian

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures leverage sparse activation to enhance the scalability of large language models (LLMs), making them suitable for deployment in resource-constrained edge networks. However, the sheer number of experts…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Qian Chen , Xianhao Chen , Kaibin Huang

Combining existing pre-trained expert LLMs is a promising avenue for scalably tackling large-scale and diverse tasks. However, selecting task-level experts is often too coarse-grained, as heterogeneous tasks may require different expertise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Justin Chih-Yao Chen , Sukwon Yun , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Tianlong Chen , Mohit Bansal

The traditional viewpoint on Sparse Mixture of Experts (MoE) models is that instead of training a single large expert, which is computationally expensive, we can train many small experts. The hope is that if the total parameter count of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Youngseog Chung , Dhruv Malik , Jeff Schneider , Yuanzhi Li , Aarti Singh

Mixture of experts (MoE) has recently emerged as an effective framework to advance the efficiency and scalability of machine learning models by softly dividing complex tasks among multiple specialized sub-models termed experts. Central to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-06 Huy Nguyen , Nhat Ho , Alessandro Rinaldo

Recent progress in deep learning has been driven by increasingly large-scale models, but the resulting computational cost has become a critical bottleneck. Sparse Mixture of Experts (MoE) offers an effective solution by activating only a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Masahiro Kada , Ryota Yoshihashi , Satoshi Ikehata , Rei Kawakami , Ikuro Sato

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) technique has proven to be a promising solution to efficiently scale the model size, which has been widely applied in recent LLM advancements. However, the substantial memory overhead of MoE models has made…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Ruijie Miao , Yilun Yao , Zihan Wang , Zhiming Wang , Bairen Yi , LingJun Liu , Yikai Zhao , Tong Yang

Sparse Mixture of Experts (MoE) models offer a scalable and efficient architecture for training large neural networks by activating only a subset of parameters ("experts") for each input. A learned router computes a distribution over these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Nabil Omi , Siddhartha Sen , Ali Farhadi

Scaling large language models has driven remarkable advancements across various domains, yet the continual increase in model size presents significant challenges for real-world deployment. The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture offers a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Shwai He , Daize Dong , Liang Ding , Ang Li

Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has become the standard for state-of-the-art large language models, owing to its computational efficiency through sparse expert activation. However, sparsity through finer expert granularity is becoming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jongseok Park , Sunga Kim , Zhenyu Gu , Ion Stoica , Alvin Cheung

Recent advancements in general-purpose or domain-specific multimodal large language models (LLMs) have witnessed remarkable progress for medical decision-making. However, they are designated for specific classification or generative tasks,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Songtao Jiang , Tuo Zheng , Yan Zhang , Yeying Jin , Li Yuan , Zuozhu Liu

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have demonstrated exceptional performance in large-scale language models. Existing routers typically rely on non-differentiable Top-$k$+Softmax, limiting their performance and scalability. We argue that two…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for scaling model capacity while preserving computational efficiency. Despite its notable success in large language models (LLMs), existing attempts to apply MoE to Diffusion…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yujie Wei , Shiwei Zhang , Hangjie Yuan , Yujin Han , Zhekai Chen , Jiayu Wang , Difan Zou , Xihui Liu , Yingya Zhang , Yu Liu , Hongming Shan

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures enhance the efficiency of large language models by activating only a subset of experts per token. However, standard MoE employs a fixed Top-K routing strategy, leading to redundant computation and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Juntong Wu , Jialiang Cheng , Qishen Yin , Yue Dai , Yuliang Yan , Fuyu Lv , Ou Dan , Li Yuan